侵权法中一般注意义务比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-21 01:28

本文选题：一般注意义务 + 过失侵权　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 一般注意义务制度是民法领域的一项重要制度,是指法官通过司法实践中的判例积累加以发展起来的,在通常情况下作为社会普通人所应达到的注意标准,具体来说就是指创设和持续特定危险源者,基于诚信原则、善良风俗或适当社会生活不成文的规则所要求的对此等危险负有的合理的注意,并且而对一般人负有除去或者防止危险的义务。一般注意义务研究是当今的一个热点问题,作为侵权法中过失侵权的重要考量因素,向来为各国民商法学界所重视。一般注意义务源于西方,属于舶来品。在国外,一般注意义务制度的发展历经上百年,已经形成了完整的理论体系。文章从比较法的视角对这一制度进行了研究,通过对德国“一般安全注意义务”、法国“高度注意义务”和英美法系“注意义务”的历史变迁和法律规制两个方面的分析,在比较两大法系一般注意义务制度功能优点和制度缺陷的基础上,借鉴和吸收他们的先进理论、实践中的有益成果和经验教训,力图为我国侵权行为法中一般注意义务制度的构建提出参照。我国是一个以大陆法系为主,同时吸纳英美法系之所长的混合法系国家,在借鉴国外相关制度时要博采众长,在结合我国具体国情和司法实践的基础上,充分吸收两大法系制度的优点。对于一般注意义务的引入路径,我国可以借鉴大陆法系一般安全注意义务理论与实践相结合的模式,先通过个案予以渗透,并借助立法确定一般注意义务机制并以之指导司法实践。对于一般注意义务的具体制度设计,亦可参考大陆法系的做法,采用“一般条款+列举”的立法模式予以展现,对法律法规等制定法中未涉及的领域,可以赋予我国法官对此义务更多的解释权,以更好的应对社会生活中大量存在的“一般危险”给权利人所造成的损失。对于法律法规等制定法中已有的一般注意义务,法官要严格“依法办事”,遇到相适应的案情就应该适用该法律法规,而不能再发挥其“主观能动性”去另行创设一种一般注意义务。英美法系视注意义务为过失侵权的核心构成要件,其评判过失侵权责任的技术较之于大陆法系更具操作性,特别是英美法系关于违反注意义务的判断标准,如合理人标准、公平公正标准、邻人标准,对我国司法审判活动有着重要的参考价值。
[Abstract]:The system of general duty of care is an important system in the field of civil law. It refers to the standard of attention that judges should attain as ordinary people in the society, which is developed through the accumulation of jurisprudence in judicial practice. Specifically, those who create and sustain specific sources of risk, based on the principles of good faith, good customs or unwritten rules of appropriate social life, require reasonable attention to such risks, And an obligation to the average person to remove or prevent danger. The study of general duty of care is a hot issue at present. As an important consideration factor in tort law, it has always been attached great importance to by the civil and commercial law circles of various countries. The general duty of care originates from the West and belongs to foreign goods. In foreign countries, the development of the general duty of care system has formed a complete theoretical system after hundreds of years. This paper studies this system from the perspective of comparative law, and analyzes the historical changes and legal regulation of Germany's "general duty of care", France's "high duty of care" and Anglo-American law system "duty of care". On the basis of comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the general duty of care system between the two legal systems, the author draws lessons from their advanced theories, achievements and experiences in practice. Try to make reference for the construction of general duty of care system in tort law of our country. Our country is a mixed law country which is mainly based on the continental law system and absorbs the advantages of the Anglo-American legal system. We should learn from the relevant systems from abroad, on the basis of combining the specific conditions of our country and the judicial practice. Fully absorb the advantages of the two legal systems. For the introduction path of the general duty of care, our country can draw lessons from the model of combining the theory of the general duty of care with the practice of the civil law system, first through the case to be infiltrated, And with the help of legislation to determine the general duty of care mechanism and guide judicial practice. For the specific system design of the general duty of care, we can also refer to the practice of the civil law system and adopt the legislative model of "general clause enumeration" to demonstrate the areas not covered in the formulation of laws and regulations, such as laws and regulations, etc. Judges in our country can be given more power of interpretation of this obligation, in order to better deal with the loss caused by a large number of "general dangers" in social life. With regard to the general duty of care already existing in laws and regulations and other laws and regulations, judges should strictly "act in accordance with the law," and should apply the laws and regulations when the case is appropriate. And can not play its "subjective initiative" to create another general duty of care. The common law system regards the duty of care as the core component of the negligence tort, and the technology of judging the fault tort liability is more operable than that of the continental law system, especially the judgment standard of breach of the duty of care, such as the reasonable person standard, in the common law system. The standard of fairness and justice and the standard of neighbor have important reference value to the judicial activities of our country.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D923

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