公司章程的外部效力研究

发布时间：2018-04-22 02:04

本文选题：公司 + 公司章程　；参考：《江苏大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 公司章程作为公司组成的必备要素之一,是公司自治的规范性体现。当公司章程作为公司的内部“宪章”,对公司的目的、组织、结构等核心内容进行规定,体现出对内的权威性时,章程是否也具有对公司外部第三方的效力?起到类似于法律的规制作用?如果章程具有这种外部效力,其效力存在的根源何在?效力范围的边界又如何?都是在运用公司章程解决公司法实践问题中必须面对的,也是本文研究之所涉。文章的导论部分显示了本文的问题意识。在公司法实践中作为约束公司一系列行为的自治性规范,章程的效力范围必会延伸至公司行为的相对人和利益相关人,即必将产生章程的对外效力。但是对章程外部效力的发挥仍然存在着不确定,甚或质疑。有必要从立法与司法实践的角度论证公司章程的现实存在。在得出公司章程外部效力应然性的同时,也应在立论的基础之上证明章程外部效力应然的原因,并进一步探明章程外部效力发挥作用的边界。在这一论证思路指导之下,文章第二部分从我国《公司法》的具体条款切入,对章程外部效力的存在追本溯源。在对传统公司效力和对抗效力深入分析的基础之上将章程的外部效力作直接适用型和结果对外型的划分,并结合外国法有关章程两分法的划分提出章程外部效力的存在。同时,这种现实效力的存在又可以结合登记行为和越权行为的具体实践作肯定性和否定性的类型化分析。文章的第三部分则从商法理论、法经济学以及章程性质的法理分析等三方面分别论证章程外部效力存在之原因。从商法理论出发,章程外部效力作用的发挥主要是商法之严格注意义务的必然要求。作为商法基本细胞的公司,其章程必然体现商法的原则和价值。在法经济学的论证过程中,科斯定理下的公司契约理论对章程作了最为高效的制度安排,将公司组成各方的意志集中统一于章程之中。这种意志的集中体现,包含了对外的价值宿求,这是章程外部效力的法经济学解释。最后,从公司章程的性质认定出发,在归纳分析现有章程性质理论的基础之上,提出章程的性质应当是一种“开放式的自治法”。其在对内发挥效用的同时,必然因其类法律化属性具有对外的直接效力。文章的第四部分则是在前两部分立论、证论的基础之上,进行具体适用的类型化尝试,希望藉此对章程外部效力的发挥提供路径选择。首先,是从宏观分类的角度对公司章程规范作普通章程条款和基本章程条款的分类。指出基本条款是关于公司董事等权利义务的规定,具有直接的效力外部性。其次,是将普通条款作内容上的二次区分,细化为内部事项条款和外部事项条款。内部事项条款规定股东之间及股东与公司之间的关系,不具有对外的效力;而外部事项条款则是关涉公司及其成员与公司外第三方的关系,具有外部效力。
[Abstract]:As one of the essential elements of the company, the articles of association are the normative embodiment of corporate autonomy. When the articles of association are the internal "charter" of the company, the core contents of the company's purpose, organization and structure are stipulated, and the authority of the company is embodied, whether the Constitution also has the effect on the external third party of the company, which is similar to the law. If the statute has this external effect, what is the root of its effectiveness and the boundary of the scope of effectiveness? It must be faced in the use of the company's articles of association to solve the problem of the practice of the company law, and also the study of this article.
The introduction of the article shows the problem consciousness of this article. In the practice of the company law, as an autonomous norm that restricts a series of behavior of the company, the scope of the validity of the articles of association will extend to the relative and the stakeholders of the company's behavior, that is to say, the external effect of the articles of association will be produced. However, the external effect of the articles of association is still inaccurate. It is necessary to prove the reality of the articles of association from the perspective of legislation and judicial practice. It is also necessary to prove the reasons for the external effectiveness of the articles of association on the basis of the conclusion of the external effectiveness of the articles of association and to further explore the boundary of the effect of the external force of the statute.
Under the guidance of this argument, the second part of the article starts from the specific provisions of the company law in China, and traces the existence of the external effect of the constitution. The external effectiveness of the articles of association is directly applied to the foreign law and the foreign law is related to the basis of the in-depth analysis of the effectiveness and effectiveness of the traditional companies. The division of the dual law of the constitution puts forward the existence of the external effect of the statute. At the same time, the existence of this practical effect can be used as a positive and negative type of analysis in combination with the practice of registration and the concrete practice of overriding.
The third part of the article discusses the reasons for the existence of the external effect of the statute from the three aspects of the theory of commercial law, law and economics and the legal analysis of the nature of the constitution. From the theory of commercial law, the role of the external effect of the constitution is the inevitable requirement of the strict duty of attention of the commercial law. In the process of the demonstration of law and economics, the company contract theory under the Kos theorem makes the most efficient institutional arrangement for the articles of association in the process of the law and economics. The will of the company is centralized and unified in the constitution. The concentration of this will includes the external value lodging, which is the legal economy of the external effect of the constitution. In the end, on the basis of the analysis of the nature of the articles of association, on the basis of the induction and analysis of the theory of the nature of the existing articles of association, the nature of the articles of association should be an "open autonomy law".
The fourth part of the article is on the basis of the first two parts, on the basis of the theory of evidence, to make a specific and applicable typization attempt, hoping to provide a path choice for the external effect of the constitution. First, the classification of the general articles of association and the basic articles of Association of the regulations of the company from the macroscopic classification point of view. The provisions on the rights and obligations of the directors of the company have the direct effect of externality. Secondly, it is the two distinction between the general terms and the contents, which are refined into internal items and external items. The internal items stipulate the relationship between shareholders and the shareholders and the company, and does not have the effect of external. The relationship between the company and its members and the third parties outside the company has external effects.

【学位授予单位】：江苏大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.291.91

【参考文献】