论消费者权益的经济法保护

发布时间：2018-05-10 09:26

本文选题：经济法 + 消费者权益　；参考：《首都经济贸易大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 消费者权益保护问题是各国市场经济发展中共同面对的问题。市场经济的发展由“生产者主权”导向转向“消费者主权”导向,不仅是市场经济发展由不成熟到成熟的一个重要标志,而且还是市场经济发展的一个最本质、最客观的要求。但是,市场经济为消费者主权的确立和实现提供了一定的基础和便利,但却不可能完全解决消费者主权实现的一系列问题和矛盾:市场经济条件下的“信息不对称”问题,以及市场经济条件下的市场垄断和促销陷阱等,在某种程度上都可能会导致消费者的权益受到损害;市场经济条件下的外部经济效益问题,在某种程度上可能会导致消费者权益维护的整体失败。经济法的基本任务就是克服或矫正市场失效,保障经济公平和社会公平,为市场经济的发展创造良好的法律环境,以推动经济增长、促进经济与社会的良性运行和协调发展,实现社会整体经济利益的平衡协调。相对于行政法和民商法,经济法在消费者权益保护方面有着特有的优势。市场经济条件下“产品责任问题”渐渐成为一个带有普遍性的社会问题,“产品责任”制度是经济法实现消费者权益保护的重要方面。产品责任是20世纪上半叶产生的新的侵权责任,它是在加害给付理论和实践的基础上发展起来的。经济法对消费者权益的保护主要体现在两个大的方面:其一,在归责原则上,其采取的严格责任归责原则不但有利于市场秩序的正常保持,而且有利于使消费者权益得到最充分、最便利的维护;其二,相对于一般的民事责任,产品责任的赔偿范围更加广泛,也是消费者权益保护中消费者政策的要求。产品责任同时属于民事法律范畴,但比一般的侵权责任保护范围更加有力,精神损害赔偿和纯经济损失的赔偿是最为突出的表现。我国制定《消费者权益保护法》时,借鉴美国惩罚性赔偿制度,规定《消法》第49条的惩罚性赔偿制度,其立法目的是要动员一切受欺诈的消费者同经营者的欺诈行为作斗争。惩罚性赔偿制度突破了传统民事损害赔偿制度的一般原则,具备了传统民事损害赔偿所不具有的制度功能。《消法》中这一双倍赔偿的条款被认为是中国惩罚性损害赔偿立法的一个里程碑。但是,从本质上看,该条款并非如同英美法中的规定一样是一个侵权法条款,而是一个合同法规范,不利于消费者权益的维护。为了实现经济法对消费者权益的更加强有力保护,应当通过法律修改把惩罚性赔偿引入侵权法领域,按照经济法的观点提高赔偿数额,把产品责任的责任方造成的外部性通过制度设计实现内部化。实现消费者权益的经济法保护,必须构建方便而有力的程序规则:经济公益诉讼。通过对于美国和德国不同模式的比较法借鉴,通过对于我国现行的民事诉讼制度在适案范围、审判组织形式、原告资格、费用承担、举证原则等方面的微调,可以引入建立经济公益诉讼制度,实现对消费者权益的充分保护。
[Abstract]:The problem of the protection of consumers' rights and interests is a common problem in the development of market economy in all countries. The development of market economy has shifted from "producer sovereignty" to "consumer sovereignty". It is not only an important symbol of the development of market economy from immature to mature, but also the most essential and objective requirement of the development of the market economy. However, the market economy provides a certain basis and convenience for the establishment and Realization of consumer sovereignty, but it can not completely solve a series of problems and contradictions of the realization of consumer sovereignty: "information asymmetry" in the market economy, market monopoly and promotion trap under the market economy, in a certain degree. In the market economy, the external economic benefits may lead to the overall failure of the maintenance of the consumer's rights and interests. The basic task of the economic law is to overcome or correct the market failure, to ensure the economic equity and social fairness, to create a good market economy. The legal environment, in order to promote economic growth, promote the benign operation and coordinated development of economy and society, and achieve a balanced coordination of social overall economic interests, has a unique advantage over the protection of consumers' rights and interests relative to the administrative law and the civil and commercial law.
Under the market economy, "product liability" has gradually become a universal social problem. "Product liability" system is an important aspect of economic law to protect the rights and interests of consumers. Product liability is a new tort liability produced in the first half of the twentieth Century. It is developed on the basis of the theory and practice of injuring and paying. The protection of the rights and interests of the consumer is mainly reflected in two aspects: first, in the principle of imputation, the principle of strict liability fixation is not only conducive to the normal maintenance of the market order, but also to the fullest and most convenient maintenance of the rights and interests of the consumers; secondly, the compensation for the liability of the product relative to the general civil liability. The scope of compensation is more extensive, and it is also the requirement of consumer policy in the protection of consumers' rights and interests. Product liability belongs to the civil law category at the same time, but it is more powerful than the general tort liability protection. The most outstanding performance is the compensation for mental damage and the compensation for the pure economic loss.
In formulating the law for the protection of consumers' rights and interests, China draws on the punitive damages system of the United States and stipulates the punitive compensation system of the forty-ninth article of "elimination law". Its legislative purpose is to mobilize all the fraudulent consumers to fight the fraud of the operators. The punitive damages system has broken through the general principles of the system of civil damage compensation. The double compensation clause in the traditional civil damages is considered to be a milestone in the legislation of China's punitive damages. However, in essence, the clause is not a tort clause, just like the provisions of the Anglo American law, but a standard of contract law, which is not conducive to consumer rights. In order to protect the rights and interests of consumers more strongly by economic law, punitive damages should be introduced into the field of tort law by law modification, to improve the amount of compensation according to the viewpoint of economic law, and to internalize the externality caused by the responsible party of product liability through the system design.
The economic law protection to realize the rights and interests of consumers must build a convenient and powerful procedural rule: economic public interest litigation. Through the reference of the comparative law of the different modes between the United States and Germany, the current civil litigation system in China is adjusted by the scope of the case, the form of trial organization, the qualification of the original, the expense and the principle of proof. We can introduce the establishment of an economic public interest litigation system and realize the full protection of consumers' rights and interests.

【学位授予单位】：首都经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D923.8

【引证文献】