期租下停租条款的法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-25 08:25

本文选题：风险分摊 + 近因原则　；参考：《上海海事大学》2006年硕士论文

【摘要】：停租条款(Off-Hire Clause)几乎是每一个期租合同都要订明的条款，该条款规定在一些特定的情况下承租人可以中止履行其支付租金的义务。而按照英美普通法，在租期内承租人持续不断的准时支付租金的义务是绝对的。承租人不得以任何理由拖延、拒付或扣减到期租金，即承租人应独自承担租期内一切时间损失风险。但对承租人而言，其支付租金的目的在于换取船舶能为其提供最有效的服务，，因此如果船舶不能够做到这一点却仍然要承租人履行支付租金的绝对义务是勉为其难的。为保护自己的利益，转嫁部分的时间损失风险，承租人往往要在期租合同中订入停租条款。由于在实践中常有对停租条款中承租双方权利义务的争议，因此正确理解这一条款有一定实际意义。由于实践中NYPE 46使用得较多，故本文基本上就是以NYPE为基础，比较各期租标准合同中停租条款的规定，并兼论中国海商法的有关规定。第一章分析了停租的概念和来源，具体的停租事项及主要定期租约范本之间的区别。第二章就停租条款的解释和分类，笔者分析延迟(Delay)和滞留(Detention)二者之间的区别及其区别的重要性，然后结合案例分析条款里的“立即需要的服务、阻止了船舶的完全工作”，以及净时间损失条款和期间停租条款的区别。第三章笔者针对停租条款的法律属性进行阐述，而为了阐述的系统性，先对定期租约以及租金的法律属性简单地作一介绍，继而分析停租条款的法律属性。停租条款是不论过失或违约条款(No fault provision，即无论是谁的过错，只要出现合同中列明的停租事项，承租人即可主张停租条款所赋予的权利，停止支付相应的租金，出租人不得以其履约中没有过失作为其抗辩的理由。停租条款，作为一种除外条款(Being in the nature of an exception)，按照英美普通法的观点，如果解释起来有争议，应作不利于租家的解释，因为该条款是针对其纯获利益。停租制度租家没有义务合理处理降低损失或者返还其它节省的费用，与损害赔偿完全不同。停租条款的目的是减轻租家租期内由于没有使用船舶而不间断支付租金的义务，条款不需要停稚事项必须是由船东的过失造成。相反，该条款强调的是实际风险分摊条款。另外以前有观点认为行使停租是承租人行使同时履行抗辩权，而从举证责任、合同义务两方面就可以看出简单地把停租看作是承租人行使同时履行抗辩权是不恰当的，笔者认为只能说是行使抗辩权的一种。第四章笔者用近因原则来分析停租事项的真正原因，在何种情况下，何种原
[Abstract]:Termination clause Off-Hire Clauseis a clause stipulated in almost every term lease contract, which provides that the lessee may suspend his obligation to pay rent under certain circumstances. Under Anglo-American common law, the lessee's constant obligation to pay rent on time during the lease period is absolute. The lessee shall not, for any reason, delay, refuse to pay or deduct the due rent, that is, the lessee shall bear the risk of loss at all times during the lease period alone. But for the charterer, the purpose of paying rent is to exchange the ship for the most effective service, so it is difficult for the charterer to fulfill the absolute obligation of paying rent if the ship can not do this. In order to protect their own interests and transfer part of the risk of time loss, the lessee often has to make a termination clause in the term lease contract. Since there are disputes about the rights and obligations of both parties in the clause of termination of lease in practice, it is of certain practical significance to correctly understand this clause. Because NYPE 46 is widely used in practice, this paper is basically based on NYPE to compare the provisions of the termination clause in the standard lease contract of each period, and also to discuss the relevant provisions of China's maritime law. The first chapter analyzes the concept and source of the termination of lease, the specific termination of lease and the difference between the main model term lease. In the second chapter, the author analyzes the difference and the importance of the difference between Delayand Detention.Then, combined with the "immediate service" in the case study clause, it prevents the ship from working completely. And the difference between the net time loss clause and the term termination clause. In the third chapter, the author expounds the legal attributes of the termination clause, and in order to elaborate the systematicness, the author introduces the term lease and the legal attribute of the rent simply, and then analyzes the legal attribute of the termination clause. The cessation clause is no fault provisioning regardless of fault or breach of contract, that is, no matter who is at fault, the lessee may claim the right conferred by the cessation clause and cease to pay the corresponding rent as long as there is a cessation of lease as specified in the contract. The lessor shall not invoke the absence of fault in its performance as its defence. A termination clause, as an exception to being in the nature of an exception, should, in the common law view, be interpreted to the detriment of the tenant if it is controversial, since it is aimed at its net benefit. The rent-stopping system has no obligation to reduce losses or return other saved expenses, which is completely different from damages. The purpose of the cessation clause is to reduce the obligation of the charterer to pay the rent without interruption for the absence of use of the ship during the lease period, and the clause does not require the cessation of any matter which must be caused by the fault of the shipowner. Instead, it emphasizes the actual risk allocation clause. In addition, in the past, there was a view that the exercise of rent-stopping is the exercise of the lessee's right of defense at the same time, and from the burden of proof and the contractual obligation, one can see that it is inappropriate to simply regard the termination of lease as the exercise of the lessee's right of defense at the same time. I think that can only be said to exercise a right of defense. In the fourth chapter, the author uses the principle of proximal cause to analyze the real cause of the termination of rent, under what circumstances, what is the original
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D922.294

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