无单放货之研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 05:02

本文选题：无单放货 + 研究　；参考：《上海海运学院》2002年硕士论文

【摘要】： 无单放货，作为一个长期困扰航运与海事司法界的“老大难”问题，大家都知道其问题的严重性与高风险性，但在实务操作中又确有其必要性。近几年来，因无单放货产生纠纷导致诉讼的案件呈增长趋势。笔者希望通过此篇文章，对无单放货从实务与法律角度进行深层次与比较全面的研究，以促进与建立更加完善的海上货物运输法律制度，使承运人能适当而安全地适用无单放货，从而产生最佳的经济效益，最终将促进生产力的发展。本文第一章从无单放货的概念分析入手，无单放货的含义从字面上理解应包括两个方面，“无单”即没有正本提单，“放货”即指放行或交付货物，故无单放货定义应为“承运人或其代理人、货物监管人没有凭正本提单交付货物的行为”，这一概念的概括扩展了其外延，与我国司法审判实践中使用无单放货这一概念实际情况相符合。第二章论述无单放货的法律性质，笔者认为，无单放货具有违约性，因为保证凭正本提单交付货物是承运人在履行海上货物运输合同中的一项法定义务；无单放货具有侵权性，只要无单放货行为构成承担侵权行为民事责任的要件，无单放货行为人就必须承担赔偿责任；同时，无单放货的违约性和侵权性可能构成责任竞合时，我国法律允许受害人可以选择一个诉因行使其请求权，但对实体法请求权的选择，法律作出了一定范围的限制；最后，无单放货在某种程度上促进了航运业的发展，我们不能一概加以否定，无单放货在特定情况下具有一定的合理性。第三章论述我国海事法院及其上级法院就无单放货案件审理的司法审判实践研究，通过对十个法院判例的分析、归纳，笔者认为，在司法实践中，法院越来越倾向于将无单放货纠纷视为运输合同纠纷处理，而不认定为侵权行为纠纷；法院允许原告起诉时以侵权起诉或违约起诉作出选择；法院对提单持有人的诉权认定，已经不采用“谁持有提单谁就有诉权”与“谁持有提单就能保证胜诉”的观点；有诸多的无单放货的诉讼案例以被法院驳回起诉为结局，证明了无单放货在特定情况下的合理性以及承运人有避免承担责任的可能性。第四章重点论述关于无单放货的法律责任承担问题。主要论述无单放货的责任主体主要是承运人与承运人的代理人。无单放货损失界定的法律依据是我国《海商法》、《合同法》以及《民法通则》的相关规定，责任人一般要承担返还货物或继续履行交付货物，以及赔偿货物损失的责任。对赔偿损失的计算，应是货物价值加利息或违约金损失。货物的价值一般为CIF 价格，但对买方来说，其付款赎单后还可以主张期得利益损失的赔偿。承运人或其代理人在无单放货诉讼中提出的抗辩可能被法院所接受的理山主要有以下几点：提单持有人的行为构成了对无单放货的认可或对要求承运人凭正本提单交货权利的放弃；承运人可以援引租约或提单的规定提出免责；承运人运用时效进行抗辩。诉讼时效的起算与中断应适用《海商法》的规定而不适用《民法通则》的规定。提单持有人的救济措施包括向承运人要求返还货物或赔偿损失或向承运人的代理人要求返还货物或赔偿货物损失：当托运人作为的提单持有人，其有权依照贸易合同关系向买方追索货款；当开证行持有正本提单时，其可依据委托刀’立信用证的合同关系，向开证申请人主张信用证项下的款项。无单放货的保函如依法成立应当有效，但承运人不能以此作为抗辩提单持有人的理由，承运人在接受担保或保函时必须考虑出具担保或保函的保证人的资信情况，并审查担保或保函的语言与措词。承运人就无单放货在赔偿了提单持有人的损失后，依法享有向第三人追偿的权利。第五章论述无单放诉讼的法律程序，就无单放货纠纷案件的管辖与法律适用原则，提单持有人在无单放货诉讼中的举证责任，以及如何举证无单放货有关事实，提单持有人如何选择诉因以及诉因选择的不同会导致实体法律适用的不同与损害赔偿范围的不同等问题作了具体的论述。笔者希望通过这篇论文的研究，能够引起更多实业家与学者对无单放货进行更加深入的研究，，以便对我国海商立法的进一步完善与司法公正作出应有的贡献。
[Abstract]:In recent years , the author hopes to carry out a comprehensive study on non - order - free shipping from the perspective of practice and law , so as to promote and establish a more perfect legal system for the transportation of goods by sea , so that the carrier can properly and safely apply the non - order - free shipping to produce the best economic benefit , which will ultimately promote the development of productive forces .

The first chapter of this paper starts with the concept analysis without single discharge , and the meaning of non - single discharge should include two aspects : " no single " , i.e . without the original bill of lading , " placing goods " means the release or delivery of the goods , so the definition of non - order release shall be " the act of delivery of goods by the carrier or its agent and the goods supervisor " , which extends the extension of its extension and is in conformity with the actual situation of the use of non - single discharge in the practice of judicial trial in our country .

The second chapter discusses the legal nature of the goods without single discharge , and the author thinks that the goods without single discharge have the default property , because the delivery of goods on the basis of the original bill of lading is a legal obligation of the carrier in the performance of the contract of carriage of goods by sea .
There is no infringement of single discharge , so long as there is no single discharge behavior , it is necessary to bear the civil liability of tort , and the person who has no single discharge must bear the liability for compensation ;
At the same time , when the default and the infringement of the goods without single discharge may constitute the responsibility competition , the law of our country allows the victim to choose a case against the exercise of his claim , but the choice of the right to claim the substantive law , the law makes a certain range of restrictions ;
Finally , there is no single discharge which promotes the development of shipping industry to a certain extent . We can ' t deny it , and there is certain rationality in the specific situation .

The third chapter discusses the judicial trial practice of maritime court and its superior court in the case of no single discharge . Through the analysis and induction of ten court cases , the author thinks that in the practice of judicial practice , the court is more and more inclined to treat the non - single discharge dispute as the handling of transportation contract dispute , but not the dispute of tort ;
The court allows the plaintiff to make a choice in the case of an infringement suit or a breach of contract in case of prosecution ;
The court ' s claim to the holder of the bill of lading has not adopted " who holds the bill of lading who has the right to appeal " and " who holds the bill of lading to guarantee victory " ;
There are a number of cases of litigation that have been rejected by the court as a result of the court ' s rejection of the indictment , demonstrating the reasonableness of the absence of a single release under certain circumstances and the possibility of the carrier to avoid liability .

Chapter Four focuses on the liability of non - single discharge . It mainly discusses the responsibility of non - single discharge .

The principal part is the carrier and the carrier ' s agent . The legal basis for the definition of the loss of goods without single discharge is China ' s territorial sea

The relevant provisions of the Commercial Law , the Contract Law and the Law of the Civil Law of the People ' s Republic of China stipulate that the responsible person shall generally bear the return of the goods or relay

The continued performance of the delivery of goods , as well as the liability for the loss of goods , shall be the value of the goods in respect of the calculation of the damages .

Interest or loss of liquidated damages . The value of the goods is generally CIF , but for the buyer , after the payment of the redemption order ,

Compensation for loss of interest for a period of interest . defences , or agents thereof , in the absence of a single release

The following points are likely to be accepted by the court : the act of the holder of the bill of lading constitutes a single discharge

Approval or waiver of the carrier ' s right to deliver on the basis of the original Bill of Lading ;
The carrier may invoke the rules of the lease or bill of lading

To be exempted from liability ;
The limitation of the carrier ' s application of statute of limitation shall apply to the Law of Maritime Commercial Law .

The provisions of the Law on Bills of Lading shall not apply to the provisions of the General Provisions of the Civil Law . The relief measures of the holder of the bill of lading shall include the return of the carrier to the carrier

Loss of goods or damages or loss to the carrier ' s agent for the return of goods or compensation for loss of goods :

The holder of the bill of lading shall have the right to recover the goods to the buyer in accordance with the trade contract relationship ;
When the issuing bank holds the original

In the case of a documentary , it may , in accordance with the contractual relationship between the entrusting party and the L / C , issue the payment under the Credit to the applicant .

A letter of guarantee without a single discharge shall be valid in accordance with the law , but the carrier shall not act as the holder of the defence bill of lading

Where the carrier is receiving a guarantee or letter of guarantee , the carrier must consider the letter of credit of the guarantor issuing the guarantee or guarantee , and

A review of the language and wording of a guarantee or letter of guarantee . The carrier does not have a single release after compensation for the loss of the holder of the bill of lading ,

The right to claim compensation to the third person in accordance with the law .

The fifth chapter discusses the legal procedure without single - place litigation , and it is applicable to the jurisdiction and law of the case without single discharge .

principle , the proof of proof of the holder of the bill of lading in the absence of a single discharge , and how to prove the fact that there is no single discharge ,

how that holder of L / L choose the cause of the bill of lading as well as the difference and damage which may lead to the application of the entity ' s law due to the different choice

The scope of compensation is discussed in detail .

The author hopes that through the research of this paper , more industrialists and scholars will be able to carry on the goods without single release .

More in - depth research should be made to further improve the legislation of maritime commerce in our country and make due contribution to the judicial justice .
【学位授予单位】：上海海运学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：D922.294

【引证文献】