《联合国独立担保和备用信用证公约》法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-02 13:06

本文选题：独立保证 + 《联合国独立担保和备用信用证公约》　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 国际贸易中充满包括信用风险在内的种种风险，担保是债权人控制信用风险、债务人提升其信用的手段之一。担保可分为物的担保和人的担保。人的担保即为保证，传统民商法认为保证具有从属性。随着国际贸易的频繁开展，信用风险越发凸显，从属性保证已不能满足债权人及时受偿的要求。从事国际贸易的商人借鉴传统商业性跟单信用证的制度架构创造以独立保函和备用信用证为表现形式的独立保证，其核心特质在于独立保证人抛弃从属保证人的种种抗辩权，从而实现债权人及时、快速受偿。然而，不同的法律制度在独立保证方面缺乏明确性和统一性，由此造成诸多纠纷，阻碍其在国际贸易中发挥进一步的作用。鉴于此，国际商会先后出台了一系列相关的惯例，联合国国际贸易法委员会也拟订了《联合国独立担保和备用信用证公约》(以下如无特别说明，均简称为“《公约》”)，《公约》于1995年12月在联合国大会上表决通过，并于2000年1月1日正式生效，这对独立保函和备用信用证法律趋同化产生了重大影响。对《公约》的深入研究将对我国银行相关业务的快速发展产生十分积极的影响，同时也将为我国相关立法的完善提供重要的参考。本文分为八个部分：第一部分主要探讨制订《公约》的背景、法律动因和过程。制订《公约》的背景和动因在于：独立保证由于其优势在国际贸易中得到广泛运用，而相关国际惯例存在种种不足，同时各国又普遍缺乏独立保证的立法，，为了给独立保证当事人提供确定的法律预期，联合国国际贸易法委员会决定在参照相关惯例的基础上制订《公约》。第二部分至第七部分结合相关国际惯例、《公约》拟订过程的资料并结合相关法理评析《公约》主要条款，探讨《公约》的价值取向及协调各方利益冲突的技巧。简述如下：第二部分集中评析《公约》的适用范围条款。本文认为，《公约》采用“双轨制”立法模式将适用范围限定于国际性的独立保证，目的在于使已有相关成熟立法的国家接受《公约》；《公约》有关适用范围的内容也体现了当事人意思自治的原则。第三部分集中评析《公约》有关承保的形式和内容的规定。本文认为有关承保生效时间的规定糅合了主要国家学术界的观点，对保证人／开证人的责任作了严格规定；索款权利转让及收益让渡的内容体现了受益人的利益；有关索款权利取消的规定较相关惯例更为全面。第四部分结合相关法理集中评析《公约》中有关当事人权利和义务的规定。本文认为，保证人／开证人行为准则的规定及其拥有抵销权的规定体现作为保证人／开证人的银行的利益。第五部分结合主要国家的司法实践及相关法理集中分析《公约》中的欺诈例外条款。本文认为，《公约》界定独立保证欺诈的标准实际上借鉴了美国“实质性欺诈”的标准，由于该标准较为宽松，《公约》规定严格的证据要求来防止滥用欺诈例外条款。同时，《公约》的相关规定间接表述了欺诈例外豁免的原则，借以保护善意第三人的利益。本文也认为，《公约》用描述式的手法界定欺诈例外的情形是立法技巧的一种创新。第六部分在总结相关国家实践的基础上分析了《公约》有关临时司法措施的规定，本文认为这些规定只是框架性的。之后，本文评析了《公约》的最后条款，认为不允许保留的规定体现了联合国国际贸易法委员会急于统一该领域立法的初衷。第七部分总结了《公约》的若干特点，并对其前景作出展望。本文认为该国际法律文件采用公约这一形式，有助于在国际层面实现国际性独立保函和备用信用证法律制度的统一；其立法技巧带有英美法系的特点；而“双轨制”的立法模式将适用范围限定于国际性的独立保证；内容与已有惯例兼容、互补具有前瞻性，较好地平衡了保证人／开证人和受益人的利益；此外，《公约》首次在独立保证领域为防止欺诈制订明确的强行性规则。本文认为《公约》前景很大程度上取决于美国国会是否批准该公约。美国银行界出台ISP98的初衷是抵制《公约》，并意图与《公约》形成竞争局面，在分析ISP98存有不足的基础上，笔者认为将二者结合使用才能形成双赢的局面。第八部分详细分析了我国独立保证法律制度的现状，认为独立保证虽然在我国实体法上己得到承认，但有关其具体运作的规定却存在支离破碎的情况。基于以上分析，笔者认为像我国这样一个缺乏独立保证成熟立法的国家可不顾他国立场，基于自身利益考量加入《公约》，借以整合相关法律法规，并在适用相关国际惯例时发挥《公约》“安全阀”的作用。
[Abstract]:The international trade is full of all kinds of risks including credit risk. Guarantee is one of the means that the creditor controls the credit risk and the debtor promotes its credit. The guarantee can be divided into the guarantee of the goods and the person's guarantee. The guarantee is the guarantee. The traditional civil and commercial law believes that the guarantee has the property. With the frequent development of international trade, the more credit risk is. From the attribute guarantee, the guarantee of the creditor can not meet the requirement of the creditor's timely payment. The businessman engaged in international trade creates independent guarantee for the independent guarantee and the standby letter of credit for reference by the institutional framework of the traditional commercial documentary letter of credit. The core trait is that the independent witness will abandon the plea rights of the subordinate guarantor. However, the lack of clarity and unity in the independent guarantee of the different legal systems, however, has caused many disputes and hinders its further role in international trade. In view of this, the ICC has introduced a series of relevant conventions, and the United Nations Commission on international trade law has also drawn up. The United Nations Convention on independent guarantees and standby letters of credit (hereinafter referred to as the "< convention >"), which was adopted at the United Nations General Assembly in December 1995 and formally entered into force in January 1, 2000, has a significant impact on the assimilation of the laws of independent letters of guarantee and standby letters of credit. The in-depth study of the Convention will be The rapid development of China's Bank related business has a very positive impact, and it will also provide an important reference for the improvement of relevant legislation in China. This paper is divided into eight parts:
The first part mainly discusses the background, the legal motivation and the process of making the "Convention >". The background and motivation of the formulation of the < convention > is that the independent guarantee is widely used in international trade because of its advantages, and there are various shortcomings in the relevant international practices. At the same time, there is a general lack of independent guarantee legislation in all countries, in order to provide the independent guarantee to the parties. For the determination of the legal expectations, the United Nations Commission on international trade law decides to draw up the Convention on the basis of relevant practices.
The second to the seventh part, in combination with relevant international practices, the information of the process of the Convention and the relevant jurisprudence and analysis of the main provisions of the Convention, explores the value orientation of the Convention and the techniques for coordinating the conflicts of interests between the parties.
The second part concentrates on the scope of the scope of the application of the Convention. This article holds that the Convention adopts the "double track" legislative model to limit the scope of application to international independent guarantees, with the aim of making the countries with relevant mature legislation accept the Convention; the contents of the scope of application of the Convention also reflect the principle of the autonomy of the parties.
The third part concentrates on the provisions of the form and content of the Convention on the underwriting of the Convention. This article holds that the provisions relating to the time of entry into force are mixed with the views of the major national academia and strictly stipulate the responsibilities of the guarantor / witness; the transfer of the rights of the claims and the content of the yield transfer reflect the interests of the beneficiaries; and the right to the payment of the rights of the beneficiary. The provisions of the cancellation are more comprehensive than the relevant practices.
The fourth part combines the relevant jurisprudence to analyze the provisions of the rights and obligations of the parties in the Convention. This article holds that the provisions of the code of conduct of the guarantor / witness and the provisions of the right to have the right of set off reflect the interests of the Bank of the guarantor / witness.
The fifth part combines the judicial practice and the relevant jurisprudence of the major countries to analyze the fraud exception clause in the Convention. This article holds that the standard of the Convention defines the standard of "substantive fraud" in the United States, which is in fact the standard of "substantive fraud" in the United States. Because the standard is relatively loose, the Convention > stipulates strict evidence requirements to prevent the abuse of fraud. At the same time, the relevant provisions of the Convention indirectly express the principle of exemption for fraud exceptions to protect the interests of third people in good faith. This article also holds that the Convention is an innovation of Legislative Skill by defining the case of fraud exceptions in a descriptive manner.
The sixth part analyses the provisions of the provisional judicial measures of the Convention on the basis of the summary of the practice of the relevant countries. This article considers that these Provisions are only framework. After that, the article evaluates the final clauses of the Convention and considers that the provisions of the non permission of the Convention reflect the intention of the United Nations Commission on international trade law to unify the legislation in this field.
The seventh part summarizes the characteristics of the Convention and looks forward to its prospects. This article holds that the adoption of the Convention in this international legal document will help to realize the unification of international independent guarantee and the legal system of standby letter of credit at the international level; its legislative skills are characterized by the Anglo American legal system; and the legislative model of the "double track system" The scope of application is limited to an international independent guarantee; the content is compatible with existing practices, complementarity is forward-looking, well balances the interests of the guarantor / witness and beneficiary; in addition, the Convention for the first time establishes a clear and strong rule in the field of independent assurance for the prevention of fraud. This article holds that the prospect of the Convention is largely taken. The United States Congress decides whether the United States Congress ratified the Convention. The original intention of the ISP98 is to resist the Convention and to form a competitive situation with the Convention. On the basis of the analysis of the shortcomings of the ISP98, the author believes that the combination of the two can form a win-win situation.
The eighth part analyses the status of the legal system of our country's independent guarantee in detail, and thinks that although the independent guarantee has been recognized in our substantive law, the provisions on its specific operation are fragmented. Based on the above analysis, the author thinks that a country like our country, which lacks the lack of independent guarantee, can ignore his country. The position is based on its own interests to join the Convention, so as to integrate relevant laws and regulations, and to play the role of the Convention "safety valve" in the application of relevant international practices.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D996

【参考文献】