论我国海上保险法律中保证制度的构建

发布时间：2018-06-06 03:03

本文选题：保证 + 告知　；参考：《大连海事大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 海上保险中的保证制度作为最大诚信原则的体现,是保险人借以控制承保风险的重要手段。该制度在英国1906年海上保险法中被首次确立为一项法律制度。但那时的保证制度,以被保险人履行义务的严格性和违反义务后果的严厉性而为人所知,充分体现着维护保险人利益的立法宗旨。因而在此制度下,尽管保险人的利益得到了较为充分的保护,但却严重损害了被保险人的正当利益——这一苛刻的法律制度很容易使被保险人动辄得咎,并进而丧失保险保障。现如今,保证似乎已渐渐演变成保险人逃避责任的工具,其带来的负面效应甚至超过了该制度应有的积极作用。为此,世界范围内掀起了一股扬弃、修正保证制度的热潮。我国的海上保险法律体系主要由《保险法》和《海商法》构成。其中,只有《海商法》的第235条提及保证。而这仅有的一条法律规定不仅不够完备,还有失严谨。可以说,我国目前尚不存在完备的保证制度。但是,另一方面,不论是从司法解释有关保证条款的规定来看,还是就保证制度本身的价值讲,都可以肯定,我国不仅在事实上已承认了保证条款在实践中的应用,更有意在海上保险法律领域全面引入这一制度。众所周知,各国在完善本国保证制度的过程中,存在着不同的做法。我国也同样面临着如何构建与完善保证制度这一问题。就目前看,各国对保证制度争议的焦点主要集中以下几个方面,例如:保证事项是否应当与风险相关,违反保证与损失之间是否应当有因果关系,被保险人违反保证应承担何法律后果,保证是否应当在保险合同中明确约定。本文的主体部分将以这些焦点问题为讨论对象,立足我国自身的法律环境,对它们逐一地展开分析,以期从中探索保证制度在我国的应然模式。同时,在讨论中,笔者还比较分析了我国现有的与保证制度相关的其他制度,力求在构建保证制度时既使各制度相衔接又能体现出各自的特点和功能。更重要的是,在此过程中,笔者还一并剖析了我国现有法律规定中存在的诟病,并就此提出了改革方案。此外,在文章的结尾部分,笔者还提出了一套较为完整的保证制度法律规则的建议条款,期望能起抛砖引玉之效。
[Abstract]:As the embodiment of the principle of maximum good faith, the guarantee system in marine insurance is an important means for the insurer to control the underwriting risk. This system was first established as a legal system in the 1906 Marine Insurance Act of England. However, the guarantee system at that time was known as the strictness of the insurant's obligation and the severity of the consequence of breach of the obligation, which fully embodied the legislative purpose of safeguarding the insurer's interests. Therefore, in this system, although the interests of the insurer have been fully protected, it has seriously damaged the legitimate interests of the insured-this harsh legal system can easily make the insured liable to blame and then lose the insurance protection. Nowadays, guarantee seems to have gradually evolved into a tool for the insurer to evade its responsibilities, with more negative effects than the system should have. To this end, the world set off a wave of sublation, revision of the guarantee system upsurge. The legal system of marine insurance in China is mainly composed of Insurance Law and Maritime Law. Of these, only article 235 of the Maritime Code refers to warranty. The only legal provision is not only incomplete, but also lax. It can be said that our country does not have a complete guarantee system at present. On the other hand, whether from the provisions of judicial interpretation of the provisions of the guarantee clause, or from the value of the guarantee system itself, it can be affirmed that our country has not only recognized the application of the guarantee clause in practice. More interested in the field of marine insurance law to fully introduce this system. As we all know, different countries have different methods in the process of perfecting their own guarantee system. Our country also faces the problem of how to construct and perfect the guarantee system. For the time being, the focus of the dispute over the guarantee system is mainly focused on the following aspects: whether the guarantee should be related to the risk, and whether there should be a causal relationship between breach of the guarantee and loss, What legal consequences should the insured bear in breach of warranty, and whether the warranty should be specified in the insurance contract? The main body of this paper will focus on these issues as the object of discussion, based on our own legal environment, the analysis of them one by one, in order to explore the guarantee system in our country should be the mode. At the same time, in the discussion, the author makes a comparative analysis of other systems related to the guarantee system in our country, and tries to make sure that the guarantee system can not only link up with each other, but also reflect its own characteristics and functions. More importantly, in this process, the author also analyzes the existing laws and regulations in our country, and puts forward the reform plan. In addition, at the end of the article, the author also puts forward a set of relatively complete legal rules and regulations of the guarantee system, which is expected to be effective.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.294;D922.284

【参考文献】