ISM规则对承运人责任的影响

发布时间：2018-07-03 13:56

本文选题：ISM规则 + 适航责任　；参考：《厦门大学》2001年硕士论文

【摘要】： 全文分为前言、主文和结论三部分。主文分为四章。第一章全面介绍了ISM规则，即国际安全管理规则的基本情况。ISM规则全称《国际船舶安全营运和防止污染管理规则》，于1993年在IMO第18届大会上通过，后又于1994年被列入《1974年SOLAS公约1994年修正案》，所有公约缔约国的用于国际航行的船舶将于1998年7月1日和2002年7月1日分两批强制适用ISM规则，，ISM规则的产生有其深刻的时代背景和历史条件。海难事故多、船舶造成的污染严重是产生ISM规则最重要的原因。此外，适应国际航运市场竞争和航运业现代化管理的需要也是ISM规则产生的动因。ISM规则是以要求船公司建立安全管理体系(SMS)为核心内容，具体规定了阐明公司管理要求、公司内通用要求和专项工作要求的十一个要素，为船舶安全管理、安全营运和防止污染提供了较详细、具体的国际标准。第二章论述了ISM规则对船舶适航标准的影响。船舶适航标准经历了早期的绝对适航即只要船舶实际上不适航并因此致使货物受损，承运人就必须负赔偿责任，到后来“海牙规则”及“海牙——维斯比规则”所规定的相对适航，即只要承运人在船舶开航之前克尽职责使船舶适航即可，再到后来的“汉堡规则”所规定的只要货损是发生在承运人的管理之下，承运人就要负责，唯一例外是承运人能证明对此已做了必要有效的预防。鉴于“海牙规则”和“海牙——维斯比规则”仍是当前统治国际海运的法律规范，本章ISM规则对船舶适航标准的影响的讨论也就以这两个规则的相关规定为标准。主要表现为在船舶本身适航性维持、船舱适货、船员配备以及船舶装备和供应品配备方面加重了承运人使船舶适航的义务，延长了使船舶适航的时间，尤其是ISM规则通过对《船员培训、发证和值班标准的国际公约》(STCW公约)的影响，大大提高了适航船舶所配备的船员标准。第三章论述了ISM规则对海事赔偿责任限制的影响。海事赔偿责任限制有单位责任限制和索赔责任限制两种形式，就是常说的一次责任限制和二次责任限制。对单位责任限制的条件，“海牙规则”赋予了承运人和船舶绝对的赔偿 ISM规则对承运人责任的影响责任限制权利，在任何情况下都不会丧失。而“海牙——维斯比规则”和“汉堡规则”则规定只要受害人能证明损害是因承运人的蓄意或明知可能造成这一损害而轻率地采取行为或不为所造成的，承运人或船舶就无权享有单位责任限制的权利。ISM规则对船公司船舶管理系统化、文件化的要求使得受害人通过对船公司关于事故的报告、调查和分析文件的查证，更容易证明承运人的“明知”和“轻率”行为。此外，在索赔责任限制方面，1957年和 1976年《贡任限制公约）｝所规定的承运人索赔责任限制丧失的条件在ISM规则下也更易被证明。由于美国在海事赔偿责任限制方面本就比相关国际公约规定的严格，在ISM 规则下，美国法律中承运人享有的限制责任的权利实际上是被剥夺了。第四章论述了ISM规则对海上保险中承运人责任的影响。海上保险是ISM 规则对海商法发生重大影响的一个领域，它为船舶适航建立了一个标准，使保险人得以借助大量文件记录去满足对不适航、故意恶行和违背诚信告知义务的举证责任。在定期保险中的明知不适航方面。更对保险人大为有利。因为举证责任从保险人转到了被保险人，可以说规则加重了承运人的不少责任。当换个角度看时，这对一个谨慎承运人来说也有有利之处，在保险人称船舶不适航或承运人违背诚信时，对ISM规则的遵守可以让这种指称站不住脚。ISM规则的认真执行也让保险人增加了信心，因此它意味着船舶营运安全的改善，承运人也会从保险费率的降低中受益。
[Abstract]:The text is divided into three parts : preface , main text and conclusion . The main text is divided into four chapters .

The first chapter comprehensively introduces the ISM Code , which is the basic condition of the rules of international security management . The ISM Code fully describes the rules on safe operation and prevention of pollution of ships . After the adoption at the 18th Conference of IMO in 1993 , the ship of all the conventions used for international navigation is the most important reason for ISM Code .

Chapter 2 discusses the effect of ISM Code on ship airworthiness standards . The ship airworthiness standard has experienced an early absolute airworthiness , that is , as long as the ship is in fact not seaworthy and thus the goods are damaged , the carrier must be responsible . The only exception is that the carrier can prove that it has done the necessary and effective prevention . In view of the Hague Rules and the Hague _ Visby Rules , the carrier is responsible for making the ship seaworthy . The only exception is that the carrier can prove that it has done the necessary and effective prevention .

Chapter Three discusses the effect of ISM Code on the limitation of liability of maritime claims . The limitation of liability for maritime claims and the limitation of limitation of liability for claims are the limitation of primary responsibility and limitation of secondary liability .

Influence of ISM Code on Carrier ' s Liability

The right of limitation of responsibility shall not be lost in any case , and the Hague _ Visby Rules and " Han " The Hamburg Rules provide that as long as the victim is able to prove that the damage is due to the carrier ' s intent or knowledge , it may cause it

The carrier or ship shall not be entitled to a unit liability limit if the act or omission is taken lightly

The ISM Code is a systematic and documented requirement for ship management to enable victims to pass through

It is easier to prove that the carrier ' s " mine " is evidenced by the investigation and analysis of the report , investigation and analysis of the accident . The act of " knowing " and " light rate " . In addition , in the area of limitation of the claim responsibility , in 1957 and 1976 ,

The conditions under which the limitation of limitation of the carrier ' s claim for limitation under the Convention are also more easily verified under the ISM Code

In the light of the fact that the United States is in strict compliance with the relevant international conventions in relation to the limitation of liability for maritime claims , in ISM ,

Under the rule , the rights of the carrier in the United States law are effectively denied .

Chapter Four discusses the effect of ISM Code on the carrier ' s liability in marine insurance .

A field in which the rules have a major impact on maritime law , establishing a standard for the seaworthiness of the ship , making the ship safe

The risk person is able to use a large amount of documentation to satisfy the obligation to inform the non - seaworthy , deliberate evil , and breach of good faith

Burden of proof . In the case of knowing inseaworthiness in fixed - term insurance , it is advantageous for the Insurance People ' s Congress to prove beneficial because of proof of proof

The liability is transferred from the insurer to the insured , and it may be said that the rules aggravate the carrier ' s liability .

From the point of view , it is also advantageous for a prudent carrier who is not seaworthy in the insurance claim or

When the carrier is in breach of good faith , the observance of the ISM Code makes this claim stand - off . ISM Code

Earnestly implementation also increases the insurer ' s confidence , so it means an improvement in the operation safety of the ship , the carrier

will also benefit from a reduction in premium rates .
【学位授予单位】：厦门大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：D996.19

【引证文献】