清末民初商人的政治参与

发布时间：2018-07-05 10:07

本文选题：清末 + 民初　；参考：《吉林大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：近代商人，尤其是 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的商人，改变了以往的锱铢必较、唯利是图的形象，开始以过去所没有的新的姿态登上历史舞台，对当时以及后来的中国政治、经济、文化教育乃至整个社会的近代化发展，都产生了非常显著的影响，尤其是在政治领域的方面，商人的一系列政治参与思想及其活动，更能体现近代商人不同以往的特性，以及历史进步性。一、商人政治参与意识的萌发鸦片战争改变了中国近世社会的自然历史进程，使这个封闭的近乎停滞的东方封建大国发生了前所未有的巨变。在这动荡的年月里，近代商人的政治参与意识、行为也逐步发生了变化，近代中国的新式商人群体开始产生。他们不同于单个商人，在思想意识、行为方式等方面都产生了新的变化。清末民初的商人的政治思想意识的发展变化主要经历了以下三个阶段。（一）对传统的“在商言商”，不问政治原则的突破甲午战争之前，对“在商言商”的传统信条的突破，最先表现在言论上的代表人就是郑观应。他认为：应参酌西方，对现有政治进行适度的改革。到甲午战争后，民族主义意识更为激烈，从而推动着资产者政治参与的发展。这一时期商人的政治参与不再仅仅限于刚开始的一般文字表达，而且还开始了实际的参与活动。他们的代表人就是经元善。他们逐渐突破传统“在商言商”的束缚，开始表达自己的政治见解和要求，尝试在有关的政治活动中发挥作用。 70 WP=75 （二）爱国民族主义思想的萌发晚清时期，中国民族危机的空前严重，以及随之产生的前所未有的各种危机感，是促使当时商人爱国民族主义思想萌发的主要催化剂。这些危机，使当时的中国人清楚地认识到，帝国主义的经济侵略，造成利权的外溢，中国情势危急。商人将眼光从自己的身家移注于整个国家和民族，这也是商人爱国民族主义思想的首要表现所在。在 1901 年至 1903 年间，商人的民族主义意识日益高涨。其中最能表现商人的爱国民族主义思想的运动是：拒俄运动和抵制美货运动。在运动中，许多商人甚至置一己之身家财产损失于不顾，表现出难能可贵的爱国精神，逐渐成为反帝爱国运动的主角。（三）自治自立思想的发展和成熟中国的近代是一个不幸而可悲的时代，又是一个充满挑战和机遇的变革时代。特别是对于商人来说，中国的近代处于一个前所未有的特殊重要地位，肩负起救亡图存的艰巨历史使命。就是在这种特殊的历史背景下，商人自治自立的思想逐步发展起来，主要表现在国民观念的更新，商人群体意识的发展，时代使命感的萌发，自治自立思想的日趋成熟这四个方面。商人在晚清反帝爱国的民族运动中逐渐成为举足轻重的一支重要社会力量。二、商人参政与干政的举措商人的政治参与意识的发展变化直接影响着商人的政治参与活动的发展变化。这一时期商人的政治参与活动也日益活跃，主要表现在四个方面：（一）参与地方自治运动 20 世纪初兴起的地方自治运动是这一时期商人正式参与政治的一个 71 WP=76 开端。 20 世纪初，商人所从事的地方自治运动，以上海的总工程局（后改名为城自治公所）、苏州市民公社最为典型。地方自治运动，是商人已经发展成为一支独立的社会力量，在社会生活中的影响日益提高的具体表现。（二）参与拟订商法活动拟订商法活动也代表着商人的政治参与活动发展到一个新的起点。晚清以前的商人，因完全不受法律的保护，故自嘲为“无法之商”。到 19 世纪末 20 世纪初这种情况得以改变，商人以新的面貌出现。 1907 年，由上海资产阶级首倡，掀起了一个全国规模的民间商业立法活动。拟订商法活动是中国资产阶级争取立法权的首次尝试，，它充分显示了资产阶级政治责任感和主体意识的增长。（三）支持立宪请愿运动在自治基础上实行君主立宪，这已成为这一时期商人的最高政治理想，也是他们进行一切政治运动的中心目标。1910 年的国会请愿运动把清末立宪运动推向高潮。国会请愿运动是资产阶级直接参与的较大规模的政治活动。但在请愿运动中，商人态度出现分歧。从总体上看，他们的政治态度变得十分保守，（四）辛亥革命运动中的参政与干政 1、参政表现辛亥革命中各地商人阶层或迅速，或迟缓，或主动，或犹豫，均对革命表现出一定的同情和支持，以附从革命，趋向共和的实际行动表达了自己的阶级意愿。辛亥革命中，商人的政治动向大致可分为两种类型：一是在革命力量比较强在，采取武装起义的地区，绅商通常是热烈响应革命， 72 WP=77 竭其所能地支持起义，发挥了积极配合作用，以武汉、上海为例。另一种类型，则是在封建旧官僚和立宪派势力占上风，革命力量相对弱小或鞭长莫及的地区，商人则往往同旧官僚和立宪派相串联，共谋“和平独立”。这种情况在辛亥革命中占绝大多数，而尤以苏州和广州的“独立”为典型。然而，从商人阶层依附革命的行动中也可以看到，商人阶层在政治上的态度是极其务实和保守的。 2、干政表现民初政局的复杂和动乱促使商人的独立政治意识逐步增强，他们开始有了属于自己的“政治语
[Abstract]:The merchants of modern times , especially those of the late 19th century and the early 20 th century , changed the old Baht .

In contrast , the image of the mercenary is beginning to embark on the stage of history with the new posture that has not been seen in the past , and it is

as well as the subsequent development of China ' s political , economic , cultural and even the whole society ,

a very significant influence , especially in the political arena , a series of political references from businessmen

Compared with the thought and its activities , it can reflect the different characteristics of modern businessmen and the historical progressiveness .

First , the Seed Germination of the Political Participation Consciousness of Businessmen

The Opium War changed the natural history of China ' s modern society , bringing this close to a halt

There was an unprecedented change in the eastern feudal country . In this turbulent year , modern businessmen

The political participation consciousness and the behavior have changed gradually , and the new businessmen group in China began to start

They are different from a single businessman and have created new ideas in terms of ideology , behavior and so on .

The changes of the political ideology consciousness of businessmen in the late Qing Dynasty mainly experienced the following three orders :

Segment .

( 1 ) The breakthrough of traditional " on - the - talk business " and not to ask the political principle

Before the Sino - Japanese War , the breakthrough of the traditional doctrine of " on - the - business " was first expressed in speech

The representative of the People ' s Republic of China is Zheng Guanying . He believes that a moderate change in the existing politics should be taken into account in the West .

After the Sino - Japanese War , the consciousness of nationalism was fiercer , thus promoting the political participation of the bourgeois

The political participation of businessmen in this period is no longer confined to the general expression just begun ,

And they ' re starting to actually take part in their activities . Their representative is yuan - good .

They gradually break through the shackles of the traditional " talking quotient " and begin to express their own political opinions .

Attempts have been made to play a role in the relevant political activities .

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( 2 ) the germination of patriotic nationalist thought

In the late Qing Dynasty , China ' s national crisis was unprecedented and unprecedented .

The feeling of a kind of crisis is the main catalyst to promote the patriotic nationalism thought of merchants at that time .

These crises have made it clear to the Chinese at that time that the economic aggression of imperialism , the creation of a building ,

The overflow of the right of interest , the situation in China is critical , and the businessmen move their eyes from their own home to the whole country

This is also the primary manifestation of the patriotic nationalism of businessmen . From 1901 to 1903

During the years , the awareness of the merchant ' s nationalism is increasing . Among them , the businessmen ' s patriotic nationalism is the most visible .

The movement of thought is to resist the movement of Russia and resist the movement of American goods . In the movement , many businessmen even set one

In spite of the fact that the property of his family has been lost in spite of the fact that he has shown a commendable patriotic spirit , he has gradually become the love of anti - emperor

The leading character of the country ' s movement .

( III ) Development and maturity of self - government ' s self - standing ideology

China ' s modern times are an unfortunate and sad time , and a change that is full of challenges and opportunities

In the age of leather , especially for businessmen , China ' s modern times are in an unprecedented special importance

in this particular historical context ,

The idea of self - reliance of merchant autonomy has been gradually developed , mainly manifested in the renewal of the national concept , the businessman group

The development of body consciousness , the germination of the sense of mission and the maturity of self - government .

The businessman gradually becomes an important social force in the national movement of the anti - imperialist and patriotic movement in the late Qing Dynasty

Amount .

II . Measures of businessmen ' s participation in politics and politics

The change of the businessman ' s political participation consciousness directly affects the political participation of the businessman

Development changes . The political participation of businessmen in this period is also increasingly active , mainly in four parties

Face :

( i ) Participation in local self - government campaigns

The local self - government movement that emerged in the early 20th century is one of the businessmen ' s formal participation in politics during the period of the 20th century

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Start .

In the beginning of the 20th century , the local self - government exercise carried out by businessmen , with the Shanghai General Engineering Bureau ( post - reform )

The city ' s self - governing public office is the most typical of Suzhou citizen ' s commune . Local self - government is a businessman .

The development has become an independent social force , and the influence of social life is increasing more and more

Now .

( ii ) Participation in the development of commercial law activities

The development of commercial law activities also represents the development of the political participation of businessmen to a new starting point .

Before the Qing Dynasty merchants , because they were completely free from the protection of the law , they were self - ridiculed as " unable to quotient " . By the 19 th

This situation was changed in the early 20th century , and merchants appeared in a new look .

In 1907 , the Shanghai bourgeoisie initiated a nationwide scale of civil business .

Law activities . The development of commercial law activities is the first attempt by the Chinese bourgeoisie to seek legislative power , which is sufficiently explicit

The growth of bourgeois political responsibility and subject consciousness is shown .

( iii ) Support for constitutional petition campaigns

On the basis of autonomy , a constitutional monarchy has become the highest political reason for businessmen in this period

It ' s also the central goal of all political campaigns . Congress petition in 1910

At the end of the Qing Dynasty , the constitutional movement was pushed to the climax , and the petition movement of Congress was a relatively large scale of the direct participation of the bourgeoisie

Political activities .

in that petition movement , however , the attitude of the merchant is different . in general , their political attitude

become very conservative ,

( IV ) Political and Political Participation in the Revolution of 1911

1 . Political representation

in that revolution of the 1911 revolution , the merchant class or the rapid , or sluggish , or active , or hesitate , all right

They have shown some sympathy and support to attach themselves from the revolution , to the common and practical actions .

In the Revolution of 1911 , the political movement of businessmen can be divided into two types : one is

in that area where the revolutionary forces are relatively strong and armed uprising are taken , the gentlemen are usually a warm response to the revolution ,

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It has played an active role in supporting the uprising , taking Wuhan and Shanghai as an example .

Type , it is in the feudal old bureaucracy and the constitutional faction forces prevail , the revolutionary force is relatively weak or the whip length

In many parts of the world , businessmen are often connected in series with the old bureaucrats and the constitutional parties , conspiracy to " peace and independence " .

This situation accounts for the overwhelming majority of the Revolution of 1911 , while the " independence " of Suzhou and Guangzhou is typical .

However , it can also be seen from the action of the businessmen ' s hierarchy of the revolution that the businessmen stratum is politically

The attitude is extremely pragmatic and conservative .

2 . Political performance

The complex and turmoil of the Civil Administration of the Republic of China has prompted the independent political consciousness of the businessman to gradually increase , and they

Start with " political words " that belong to their own .
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K257

【引证文献】