论合同相对性原则在海上货物运输合同中的突破

发布时间：2018-07-15 09:48

【摘要】：自罗马法以来，合同相对性原则或债的相对性原则一直为两大法系所确认，成为合同制度的奠基石，在债法或合同法中具有重要的地位。在海商法这样一个特殊的领域中，严格遵守合同相对性原则却给航运实践带来了很多不便，在诉权、责任限制等方面都体现出不和谐之音，因此需要突破该原则以促进航运业的发展。但是，对海上货物运输合同相对性的突破应该有一个限度，不能因为实践需要而任意突破，动摇合同相对性这一合同法的根本原则在海上货物运输合同中的基础地位。笔者从四个部分来论述合同相对性原则在海上货物运输合同中突破的情况。第一章从民法基本理论角度阐述了合同相对性原则在海上货物运输合同中突破的理论基础。第二章以英美国家相关判例和立法发展为线索，就收货人、提单持有人对承运人诉权问题的历史演变予以详细叙述，肯定了该项突破对航运业发展带来的积极影响。第三章结合我国法院近年来的不同判决，针对FOB合同下的卖方是否对承运人享有合同权利进行了充分探讨，并提出立法建议；最后，笔者采用分类对比的方法，对于承运人的受雇人或代理人的法律地位，特别是独立合同人是否可纳入实际承运人范围从而享受承运人的责任限制，从平衡各方当事人利益角度，提出了自己的观点。对海上货物运输合同相对性原则的坚持或突破，，实际上是两种制度价值的选择，即对不同交易当事人利益的保护倾向。笔者认为，在坚持合同相对性这一基本原则的前提下，可以根据航运实践的特殊性对合同相对性予以适当突破，但这种突破是一种有限度的突破，其基本理念是法律的稳定性，同时兼顾各方利益，实现法律的正义性。
[Abstract]:Since Roman law, the principle of relativity of contract or the principle of relativity of debt has been recognized by the two legal systems, and has become the cornerstone of the contract system, which plays an important role in the law of debt or contract law. In such a special field of maritime law, strict adherence to the principle of relativity of contract has brought a lot of inconvenience to shipping practice. Therefore, it is necessary to break through this principle in order to promote the development of shipping industry. However, there should be a limit to the breakthrough of the relativity of the contract for the carriage of goods by sea. We should not make any breakthrough on the basis of practice, and shake the fundamental position of the relativity of contract in the contract law of carriage of goods by sea. The author discusses the breach of the principle of relativity of contract in the contract of carriage of goods by sea from four parts. The first chapter expounds the theoretical basis of the breach of the principle of relativity of contract in the contract of carriage of goods by sea from the angle of the basic theory of civil law. The second chapter takes the development of relevant cases and legislation in Anglo-American countries as the clue, narrates in detail the historical evolution of the carrier's right of action by consignee and bill of lading holder, and affirms the positive influence of this breakthrough on the development of shipping industry. The third chapter combines with the different judgments of our courts in recent years, aiming at whether the seller under FOB contract has the contractual right to the carrier or not, and puts forward some legislative suggestions. Finally, the author adopts the method of classification and comparison. As to the legal status of the carrier's servant or agent, especially whether the independent contractor can be brought into the scope of the actual carrier to enjoy the limitation of the carrier's liability, the author puts forward his own view from the angle of balancing the interests of the parties. To insist or break through the relativity principle of the contract of carriage of goods by sea is actually the choice of two system values, that is, the tendency to protect the interests of the parties involved in different transactions. The author believes that under the premise of adhering to the basic principle of relativity of contract, the relativity of contract can be properly broken through according to the particularity of shipping practice, but this breakthrough is a limited breakthrough, the basic idea of which is the stability of law. At the same time, the interests of all parties should be taken into account to realize the justice of the law.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D922.294;D923.6

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