我国商业银行破产法律制度构建研究
发布时间：2018-07-21 14:21
【摘要】：随着我国市场经济的深入发展,企业主体间的竞争日趋规范化、白热化,破产成为竞争失败企业退出市场的最普遍的方式,《企业破产法》的出台则为企业破产提供了一整套完备的程序标准和操作规范。商业银行作为企业法人,隶属于《企业破产法》的调整范围,在具备破产原因时应当依法适用破产重整或清算程序。但是,商业银行具有普通企业主体无法比拟的特殊性。商业银行以货币为经营对象,其承担的信用制造及信用中介功能使得商业银行的经营兴衰不仅关乎企业自身的存续,还对国家金融秩序、社会公共利益有着重大影响。对包括商业银行在内的金融机构破产进行特别立法已经在学界得到广泛认同,也是许多国家已经确立的立法模式。在我国,由于缺乏相应的特别立法,金融机构破产法律制度严重缺失,当商业银行竞争失败面临破产时,现有破产法律体系不能妥为消解银行倒闭产生的强烈的负外部性效应。在以往的实践中,对于危机银行的处置,政府往往采用行政色彩浓厚的处理方式,靠国家信用及公共财政为企业行为埋单,承担了过多的救助功能,导致真正的商业银行市场退出机制一直无法形成。故而,加强对企业破产法律的拓展研究,结合我国实际构建完善的商业银行破产法律制度就成为理论探讨的一项重要课题。 本文通过五个部分的论述对这一课题开展研究。第一部分,文章分析了商业银行破产法律制度的特殊性,这是本文的立足点和理论基础。商业银行在一国金融体系中居于核心地位,不仅具有传统商法中的私益性质,还承担着相当程度的公益职能。商业银行同其他企业法人一样具有破产能力,从银行的高负债经营模式和我国银行业中现有的诸多积弊来看,商业银行面临着更多更复杂的经营风险。鉴于商业银行的特殊地位及性质,银行破产在推动金融体制新陈代谢的同时,也存在诸多负面影响,极易引发挤兑狂潮,波及整个银行业秩序,动摇国家信用基础。为了有效控制并减少这些负面效应,立法机关必须对商业银行破产进行特殊的制度安排和设计。 文章第二部分对我国商业银行破产法律体系进行了列举式的梳理,并总结分析出现行立法中的种种缺陷。我国关于商业银行破产的法律规范散见于不同层次的法律、法规及规章中,法律条文简单、粗糙、不具可操作性,在一定程度上形同虚设。具体而言,我国现行商业银行破产立法的缺陷在于缺乏系统性的法律框架,缺少对破产预防制度、破产启动程序、破产救济制度的规定,破产重整及清算程序不具特殊性,总之现有立法没有为银行破产实践提供一套规范化的法律制度体系。 第三部分是对主要发达国家商业银行破产法律制度若干问题的研究。从世界发展趋势来看,金融业的蓬勃发展和竞争加剧使得商业银行破产成为不可回避的经济现象,各国纷纷立足于实践,制定适合本国国情的法律规则,对商业银行破产采取审慎的监管和处置。文章选取美国、英国及日本作为研究范本进行比较分析,这些国家的立法模式与制度设计各有千秋,我国在构建商业银行破产法律制度时应有针对性地吸收与借鉴国外成熟的理论成果和丰富的实践经验。 第四部分是在第三部分分析研究的基础上,对构建我国商业银行破产法律制度的基本思路进行总体阐述。根据现代银行破产法的破产预防理念与存款人特殊保护理念,我国须建立一个包含事前预防及事后救济、行政措施与司法程序并举的综合型法律体系,具体包括破产预防制度、破产重整制度、破产清算制度与存款保险制度。关于立法技术,我国应选择特殊法的立法模式,在法律层级上对银行破产实行特别立法,并在权力分配中坚持以行政权为主、司法权为辅的原则,尽可能使两种权力的运行达到和谐均衡状态。 文章的第五部分是对我国商业银行破产法律制度构建的具体建议,是本文的论述核心。首先要确立商业银行破产预防程序,由银行监管机关根据危机银行的救助成本和引发系统性危机的几率进行权衡,对确需挽救的商业银行采取接管、收购兼并、央行注资等行政措施,防止银行破产对社会整体经济秩序的震荡。其次要完善商业银行破产重整程序与清算程序,在破产原因界定中引入监管性标准,明确商业银行破产申请人范围,及时指定破产财产管理人,合理分配银行破产财产,并严格追究银行破产责任人的相关责任。最后要及时建立商业银行存款保险制度,由政府与参保银行共同出资设立存款保险基金,在最高赔付限额内保障存款人的合法利益,有效分散商业银行破产的风险。
[Abstract]:With the development of the market economy in China, the competition among enterprises is becoming more and more standardized, hot and bankrupt, and bankruptcy becomes the most common way to quit the market. The introduction of enterprise bankruptcy law provides a complete set of procedural standards and operational norms for enterprise bankruptcy. The adjustment range of the business bankruptcy law should be applied to the bankruptcy reorganization or liquidation procedure in accordance with the law. However, the commercial bank has the incomparable particularity of the general enterprise subject. The commercial bank takes the currency as the operating object, and the credit manufacturing and credit intermediary function of the commercial bank makes the commercial bank's operation and decline not only related to the enterprise's operation and decline. The survival of the industry has a great influence on the national financial order and the public interests. The special legislation for the bankruptcy of financial institutions, including commercial banks, has been widely recognized in the academic circles, and is also a legislative model established by many countries. In our country, the lack of corresponding special legislation, the bankruptcy legal system of financial institutions. When the failure of the commercial bank is bankrupt, the existing bankruptcy law system can not solve the strong negative externality effect of the bank failure. In the past practice, the government often uses the strong administrative color treatment and the state credit and public finance as the enterprise behavior in the disposal of the crisis bank. It has been unable to form the real commercial bank exit mechanism. Therefore, it is an important issue to strengthen the research on the expansion of the law of enterprise bankruptcy and to build a perfect legal system of commercial bank bankruptcy in China.
In the first part, the article analyzes the particularity of the legal system of commercial banks' bankruptcy, which is the foothold and theoretical basis of this article. The commercial bank is in the core position in a country's financial system, not only has the private interests in the traditional commercial law, but also bears a considerable degree. Public welfare functions. Commercial banks have the same bankruptcy ability as other corporate legal persons. From the high debt management model of the banks and the many existing disadvantages in our banking industry, commercial banks face more and more complex business risks. In view of the special status and nature of commercial banks, bank bankruptcy is promoting the metabolism of the financial system. At the same time, there are also many negative effects, which can easily lead to the run of a run, to wave the whole banking order and to shake the national credit basis. In order to effectively control and reduce these negative effects, the legislature must carry out special institutional arrangements and designs for the bankruptcy of commercial banks.
In the second part, the legal system of the bankruptcy of commercial banks in China is enumerated, and the defects in the legislation are summarized and analyzed. The legal norms of commercial banks' bankruptcy in China are scattered in different levels of law, regulations and rules, and the legal provisions are simple, rough and inoperable, to a certain extent. Specifically, the defects of the current commercial bank bankruptcy legislation in our country lie in the lack of a systematic legal framework, the lack of the bankruptcy prevention system, the bankruptcy initiation procedure, the bankruptcy relief system, the bankruptcy reorganization and the liquidation procedure, and the existing legislation does not provide a set of standardized legal system for the bank bankruptcy practice. Degree system.
The third part is the research on some problems of the bankruptcy legal system of commercial banks in the major developed countries. From the trend of world development, the flourishing development of the financial industry and the intensification of the competition make the bankruptcy of the commercial banks an unavoidable economic phenomenon. Each country is based on the practice, formulating the legal rules suitable for the national conditions of the country, and breaking the commercial banks. The article selects the US, the United Kingdom and Japan as the research model to make a comparative analysis. The legislative model and system design of these countries are different. Our country should absorb and draw lessons from foreign mature theoretical achievements and rich practical experience when constructing the bankruptcy legal system of commercial banks.
The fourth part is on the basis of the analysis of the third part of the analysis of the basic ideas for the construction of the legal system of commercial banks in China. According to the concept of bankruptcy prevention and the special protection of the depositors of the modern bank bankruptcy law, our country must establish a pre defense and post relief, administrative measures and judicial procedures. The comprehensive legal system, including the bankruptcy prevention system, the bankruptcy reorganization system, the bankruptcy liquidation system and the deposit insurance system. On the legislative technology, our country should choose the legislative mode of special law, carry out special legislation on the bank bankruptcy at the legal level, and adhere to the principle of administrative power and judicial power in the distribution of power. As far as possible, the operation of the two powers can be achieved in a harmonious and balanced state.
The fifth part of the article is the concrete suggestion to the construction of the bankruptcy legal system of commercial banks in China. It is the core of this article. First, it is necessary to establish the bankruptcy prevention procedure of commercial banks, and the bank regulators will take over to the commercial banks that need to be saved according to the cost of the crisis bank and the probability of causing the systemic crisis. The administrative measures such as merger and acquisition, central bank injections and other administrative measures should be taken to prevent the shock of bank bankruptcy to the overall economic order of the society. Secondly, it is necessary to improve the bankruptcy reorganization procedure and liquidation procedure of commercial banks, introduce the regulatory standards in the definition of bankruptcy reasons, clear the scope of the bankruptcy applicants for commercial banks, specify the administrator of the bankruptcy property in time, and rationally allocate the bank break. In the end, the deposit insurance system of commercial banks should be established in time, and the deposit insurance fund is set up jointly by the government and the insured bank to guarantee the legitimate interests of the depositors within the maximum compensation limit, and to effectively disperse the risk of the bankruptcy of the commercial banks.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.291.92;F832.33
本文编号：2135807
[Abstract]:With the development of the market economy in China, the competition among enterprises is becoming more and more standardized, hot and bankrupt, and bankruptcy becomes the most common way to quit the market. The introduction of enterprise bankruptcy law provides a complete set of procedural standards and operational norms for enterprise bankruptcy. The adjustment range of the business bankruptcy law should be applied to the bankruptcy reorganization or liquidation procedure in accordance with the law. However, the commercial bank has the incomparable particularity of the general enterprise subject. The commercial bank takes the currency as the operating object, and the credit manufacturing and credit intermediary function of the commercial bank makes the commercial bank's operation and decline not only related to the enterprise's operation and decline. The survival of the industry has a great influence on the national financial order and the public interests. The special legislation for the bankruptcy of financial institutions, including commercial banks, has been widely recognized in the academic circles, and is also a legislative model established by many countries. In our country, the lack of corresponding special legislation, the bankruptcy legal system of financial institutions. When the failure of the commercial bank is bankrupt, the existing bankruptcy law system can not solve the strong negative externality effect of the bank failure. In the past practice, the government often uses the strong administrative color treatment and the state credit and public finance as the enterprise behavior in the disposal of the crisis bank. It has been unable to form the real commercial bank exit mechanism. Therefore, it is an important issue to strengthen the research on the expansion of the law of enterprise bankruptcy and to build a perfect legal system of commercial bank bankruptcy in China.
In the first part, the article analyzes the particularity of the legal system of commercial banks' bankruptcy, which is the foothold and theoretical basis of this article. The commercial bank is in the core position in a country's financial system, not only has the private interests in the traditional commercial law, but also bears a considerable degree. Public welfare functions. Commercial banks have the same bankruptcy ability as other corporate legal persons. From the high debt management model of the banks and the many existing disadvantages in our banking industry, commercial banks face more and more complex business risks. In view of the special status and nature of commercial banks, bank bankruptcy is promoting the metabolism of the financial system. At the same time, there are also many negative effects, which can easily lead to the run of a run, to wave the whole banking order and to shake the national credit basis. In order to effectively control and reduce these negative effects, the legislature must carry out special institutional arrangements and designs for the bankruptcy of commercial banks.
In the second part, the legal system of the bankruptcy of commercial banks in China is enumerated, and the defects in the legislation are summarized and analyzed. The legal norms of commercial banks' bankruptcy in China are scattered in different levels of law, regulations and rules, and the legal provisions are simple, rough and inoperable, to a certain extent. Specifically, the defects of the current commercial bank bankruptcy legislation in our country lie in the lack of a systematic legal framework, the lack of the bankruptcy prevention system, the bankruptcy initiation procedure, the bankruptcy relief system, the bankruptcy reorganization and the liquidation procedure, and the existing legislation does not provide a set of standardized legal system for the bank bankruptcy practice. Degree system.
The third part is the research on some problems of the bankruptcy legal system of commercial banks in the major developed countries. From the trend of world development, the flourishing development of the financial industry and the intensification of the competition make the bankruptcy of the commercial banks an unavoidable economic phenomenon. Each country is based on the practice, formulating the legal rules suitable for the national conditions of the country, and breaking the commercial banks. The article selects the US, the United Kingdom and Japan as the research model to make a comparative analysis. The legislative model and system design of these countries are different. Our country should absorb and draw lessons from foreign mature theoretical achievements and rich practical experience when constructing the bankruptcy legal system of commercial banks.
The fourth part is on the basis of the analysis of the third part of the analysis of the basic ideas for the construction of the legal system of commercial banks in China. According to the concept of bankruptcy prevention and the special protection of the depositors of the modern bank bankruptcy law, our country must establish a pre defense and post relief, administrative measures and judicial procedures. The comprehensive legal system, including the bankruptcy prevention system, the bankruptcy reorganization system, the bankruptcy liquidation system and the deposit insurance system. On the legislative technology, our country should choose the legislative mode of special law, carry out special legislation on the bank bankruptcy at the legal level, and adhere to the principle of administrative power and judicial power in the distribution of power. As far as possible, the operation of the two powers can be achieved in a harmonious and balanced state.
The fifth part of the article is the concrete suggestion to the construction of the bankruptcy legal system of commercial banks in China. It is the core of this article. First, it is necessary to establish the bankruptcy prevention procedure of commercial banks, and the bank regulators will take over to the commercial banks that need to be saved according to the cost of the crisis bank and the probability of causing the systemic crisis. The administrative measures such as merger and acquisition, central bank injections and other administrative measures should be taken to prevent the shock of bank bankruptcy to the overall economic order of the society. Secondly, it is necessary to improve the bankruptcy reorganization procedure and liquidation procedure of commercial banks, introduce the regulatory standards in the definition of bankruptcy reasons, clear the scope of the bankruptcy applicants for commercial banks, specify the administrator of the bankruptcy property in time, and rationally allocate the bank break. In the end, the deposit insurance system of commercial banks should be established in time, and the deposit insurance fund is set up jointly by the government and the insured bank to guarantee the legitimate interests of the depositors within the maximum compensation limit, and to effectively disperse the risk of the bankruptcy of the commercial banks.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.291.92;F832.33
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