论跟单信用证下的提单欺诈及其防范

发布时间：2018-07-29 17:23

【摘要】： 国际贸易中的大多数信用证欺诈案都与伪造、篡改或滥用跟单信用证项下的单据相关,尤其围绕提单展开的欺诈活动不胜枚举。因此,笔者选取跟单信用证下的提单欺诈作为论题。跟单信用证下提单欺诈具有其特殊性,它既涉及到信用证法律关系,还涉及到提单法律关系。在这一点上,跟单信用证下提单欺诈区别于不涉及信用证的提单欺诈和不涉及提单的信用证欺诈。因此,研究跟单信用证下提单欺诈对于抵制提单欺诈和信用证欺诈都有重大意义。本文首先从定义、诱因和种类三个方面对跟单信用证下的提单欺诈进行了概述。《跟单信用证统一惯例》,英美法和大陆法,还有我国都没有特别对跟单信用证下的提单欺诈下定义,一般都是把民商法中的欺诈定义适用于跟单信用证下的提单欺诈。笔者根据我国民法中的欺诈定义,总结出跟单信用证下提单欺诈的构成要件,进而为跟单信用证下的提单欺诈下了一个定义;提单的特征和跟单信用证的特征都为跟单信用证下的提单欺诈带来了隐患;跟单信用证下的提单欺诈包括伪造提单,在提单中做虚假性陈述等等。其次,笔者选取数个隐性提单欺诈进行了具体分析。包括预借和倒签提单,以保函换取清洁提单。同时对实践中出现的三分之二提单和电放提单的欺诈风险进行了分析。三分之二提单和电放提单都存在信用证欺诈的风险。再次,笔者从确立、理论依据和适用三个方面对欺诈例外原则进行了探讨。欺诈例外原则已被包括我国在内的许多国家采纳和适用;“欺诈使得一切无效”、“诚实信用原则”和公共秩序保留原则是欺诈例外的理论依据;构成实质性欺诈的跟单信用证下的提单欺诈可以适用欺诈例外。笔者还对第三方欺诈能否适用欺诈例外进行了讨论。笔者赞同和主张将欺诈例外原则适用于第三方做出的提单欺诈。笔者同时还对我国关于欺诈例外的立法与司法实践进行了分析。然后,笔者探讨了适用欺诈例外对跟单信用证下的提单欺诈进行救济的具体方法。笔者认为适用欺诈例外进行救济的唯一途径是申请法院禁令。银行本身并不享有欺诈情况下主动拒付的权利,银行对欺诈例外原则的适用只能根据法院的禁令。笔者讨论了法院发布禁令的条件,同时对我国现行法律救济的缺失和漏洞进行了阐述。最后,笔者用专门的章节研究了买方和银行怎样在跟单信用证下避免提单欺诈,同时对我国健全和完善有关跟单信用证下提单欺诈方面的立法提出了建议。包括在立法上明确欺诈例外原则,健全和完善欺诈例外的程序设置,完善配套法律的建设,高度重视对法官信用证惯例方面的培训。
[Abstract]:Most cases of credit fraud in international trade are related to forgery, tampering or abuse of documents under documentary credits, especially the fraudulent activities surrounding bills of lading. Therefore, the author chooses bill of lading fraud under documentary credit as the topic. Bill of lading fraud under documentary letter of credit has its particularity, which involves not only the legal relationship of letter of credit, but also the legal relationship of bill of lading. In this respect, bill of lading fraud under documentary credit is distinguished from bill of lading fraud without letter of credit and L / C fraud without bill of lading. Therefore, it is of great significance to study bill of lading fraud under documentary letter of credit for resisting bill of lading fraud and letter of credit fraud. This paper first summarizes the bill of lading fraud under documentary credit from three aspects: definition, inducement and type. There is no special definition of bill of lading fraud under documentary letter of credit in our country. Generally, the definition of fraud in civil and commercial law is applied to bill of lading fraud under documentary letter of credit. According to the definition of fraud in civil law of our country, the author summarizes the constitutive elements of bill of lading fraud under documentary letter of credit, and then gives a definition of bill of lading fraud under documentary letter of credit. The characteristics of bill of lading and documentary credit bring hidden trouble to the fraud of bill of lading under documentary letter of credit; the fraud of bill of lading under documentary letter of credit includes forged bill of lading, false statement in bill of lading and so on. Secondly, the author selected several hidden bill of lading fraud for specific analysis. Including advance and reverse-signed bills of lading in exchange for a clean bill of lading. At the same time, it analyzes the fraud risk of 2/3 bill of lading and telex bill of lading. Both the 2/3 bill of lading and the telex bill of lading are exposed to the risk of letter of credit fraud. Thirdly, the author discusses the principle of fraud exception from three aspects: establishment, theoretical basis and application. The principle of fraud exception has been adopted and applied in many countries, including China, "fraud makes everything invalid", "principle of good faith" and "principle of public order reservation" are the theoretical basis of fraud exception. A bill of lading fraud under a documentary letter of credit that constitutes material fraud is subject to fraud. The author also discusses whether the fraud exception can be applied to third party fraud. The author agrees with and advocates the application of fraud exception principle to third party bill of lading fraud. The author also analyzes the legislation and judicial practice of fraud exception in China. Then, the author discusses how to apply fraud exception to remedy bill of lading fraud under documentary letter of credit. The author believes that the only way to apply fraud exception for relief is to apply for a court injunction. The bank itself does not have the right to refuse to pay voluntarily in the case of fraud, and the application of the exception to fraud can only be made in accordance with the injunction of the court. The author discusses the conditions for the court to issue injunctions, and expounds the deficiencies and loopholes of the current legal remedies in China. Finally, the author studies how buyers and banks avoid bill of lading fraud under documentary letters of credit, and puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the legislation of bill of lading fraud under documentary letters of credit in China. It includes making clear the principle of fraud exception in legislation, perfecting the procedure setting of fraud exception, perfecting the construction of supporting law, and attaching great importance to the training of judge's letter of credit practice.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D996.1

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