海上保险违反告知义务抗辩权法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-21 09:59

【摘要】：随着我国社会经济的日益发展,保险业的发展也越来越迅速,作为保险业发展源头的海上保险在其中也不断发挥着其强大的作用。在保险法律关系中,合同双方当事人经济地位明显不对等,保险事故发生后对双方利益损失又非常巨大的,因此,平衡好保险合同双方的利益关系,保障好弱势方被保险人利益即是海上保险法应有的作用。但在海事实践中,保险人往往以被保险人违反告知义务为由进行抗辩,以达到不赔或者少赔的目的,这种情形极大地损害了被保险人一方的利益,同时也使海上保险合同失去了其本身应有的减少海上风险的意义。本文主要以海上保险中被保险人违反告知义务后保险人的抗辩权作为研究对象,着重探讨了被保险人应当告知的重要情况的范畴,以明确被保险人的义务范围。同时,文章还探讨了针对被保险人不同的主观过错状态时,保险人的抗辩选择,及法律对保险人行使抗辩权所做的限制。文章的最后结合世界其他国家的一些做法,提出了对我国海上保险法中关于保险人基于被保险人违反告知义务的抗辩权选择。本文采取了比较研究的方法,从海上保险发展的鼻祖英国到挪威、澳大利亚等国家,对照和比较了上述国家海商法有关在海上保险中违反告知义务后的抗辩权的相关规定,以完善我国海上保险法为目的,做了深入地探讨研究,并提出了一些看法。本文的写作意义主要在于,防止海上保险人滥用基于违反告知义务的抗辩权而对被保险人的利益造成极大损害的后果,维护法律的公平和正义。本文共分三部分：导言、正文和结论。导言部分,简要阐述了论文的写作目的和意义。正文部分,包括四个章节：第一章告知义务概述,主要从介绍最大诚信原则由来入手,阐述了告知义务主体、告知义务的履行方式和不同情况下违反告知义务的法律后果；第二章被保险人违反告知义务的界定,以案例分析的方式,详细介绍了告知义务中规定的“重要情况”和“谨慎保险人”标准的发展,并对我国海上保险是否和如何适用何种标准进行深入的探讨；第三章不同情况下海上保险人的抗辩研究,主要分析了被保险人违反告知义务的构成要件和认定及其对保险人行使抗辩权的影响,充分分析和界定了海上保险人针对告知义务人故意隐瞒和误述而享有的抗辩权和例外,同时还介绍了弃权和禁止反言等对海上保险人抗辩权的限制；第四章完善我国海上保险告知义务抗辩的构想,主要是针对我国海上保险告知义务抗辩法律制度的修改和完善,就合同的解除、补偿性救济措施以及损害赔偿责任等各个方面,提出了一些初步构想,以期对我国海上保险实践有所裨益。结论部分,在全文论述的基础上,总结了笔者就完善我国海上保险违反告知义务抗辩法律制度的观点和建议。
[Abstract]:With the development of our country's social economy, the insurance industry is developing more and more rapidly, and the marine insurance, as the source of the insurance industry's development, is playing a strong role in it. In the legal relationship of insurance, the economic status of both parties to the contract is obviously not equal, and the loss of interest to both parties after the insurance accident is very huge. Therefore, to balance the interests of both sides of the insurance contract, It is the function of marine insurance law to protect the interests of the underwriters. However, in maritime practice, the insurer often defends against the insured's breach of the obligation of notification in order to achieve the purpose of non-compensation or undercompensation, which greatly damages the interests of the insured party. At the same time, the marine insurance contract has lost its own significance of reducing marine risks. This paper focuses on the insured's right of defense after the insured violates the obligation of informing in marine insurance, and probes into the scope of the important situation that should be informed by the insured in order to clarify the scope of the insured's obligation. At the same time, this paper also discusses the choice of the insurer's defense and the limitation of the law on the insurer's exercise of the right of defense when the insured has different subjective fault states. At the end of this paper, combining with some practices of other countries in the world, the author puts forward the choice of the defense right of the insurer based on the insured's breach of the obligation of informing in the marine insurance law of our country. This paper adopts the method of comparative study, from Britain, the ancestor of marine insurance development to Norway, Australia and other countries, contrasts and compares the relevant provisions of maritime law of these countries about the right of defense after violating the obligation of notification in marine insurance. In order to perfect the marine insurance law of our country, this paper makes a deep study and puts forward some opinions. The main purpose of this paper is to prevent maritime insurers from abusing the right of defense based on breach of the obligation of notification to cause great damage to the interests of the insured and to safeguard the fairness and justice of the law. This paper is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. In the introduction part, the purpose and significance of the thesis are briefly expounded. The main body part includes four chapters: the first chapter outlines the obligation of informing, mainly from the introduction of the principle of maximum good faith, expounds the subject of the obligation of notification, the way of fulfilling the obligation of notification and the legal consequences of violating the obligation of notification under different circumstances; In the second chapter, the definition of the insured's breach of the obligation of notification is introduced in detail, and the development of the standards of "important information" and "prudent insurer" in the obligation of notification is introduced in detail by case study. And to our country marine insurance whether and how to apply which standard to carry on the thorough discussion; the third chapter under the different circumstances the marine insurer's defense research, This paper mainly analyzes the constitutive elements and the cognizance of the insured's breach of the obligation to inform and its influence on the insurer's exercise of the right of defense, and fully analyzes and defines the right of defense and exceptions enjoyed by the marine insurer against the intentional concealment and misstatement of the notifier. At the same time, it also introduces the restriction of the right of defense of marine insurer, such as abstaining and estoppel, the fourth chapter is to perfect the conception of the defense of the obligation to inform of marine insurance in our country, which is mainly aimed at the modification and perfection of the legal system of the defense of the obligation to inform in our marine insurance. This paper puts forward some preliminary ideas on the termination of contract, compensatory relief measures and liability for damages in order to benefit the practice of marine insurance in China. In the conclusion part, on the basis of the full text, the author summarizes the author's views and suggestions on perfecting the legal system of the defense of breach of the obligation of notification of marine insurance in China.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.284;D922.294

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