连带责任与海事赔偿责任限制权利冲突研究

发布时间：2018-09-10 12:48

【摘要】：人们在利用船舶等要素开展海上经济活动时,受到海洋特殊环境因素的制约与限制,传统贸易法律与习惯难以满足国家与航运贸易参与方的客观需求。于是以船舶为核心的海上人类活动相关法律关系渐由商人习惯调整,后经梳理与发展成为如今的海商法律体系。为呼应涉海法律关系要求的特殊性,海商法律体系下不乏突破传统民事法律体系基本原则的独特制度,海事赔偿责任限制即是其中之一。其创制初衷在于鼓励具有较高参与风险的海上冒险活动,从而谋求一国政治、经济的更为长久稳定的发展。至今,此制度目标仍具备相当的现实意义。然,海商法制度设计上的独特性同时在一定程度上预示着与一般民事法律制度不相兼容的风险,此种风险亦在海事海商司法与研究中得以印证,海事赔偿责任限制与连带责任的适用冲突即是一范例。本文拟从连带责任、海事赔偿责任限制权利的基本要素入手,在不同情境下建立数种模型,结合实际案例与法律规定,剖析两种法律制度适用中的冲突原因与影响因素。综合介绍国内外立法及学说提出的冲突协调方案,并对由相关方案关注的核心问题进行进一步的分析,旨在总结得出适于我国立法与司法现况的方案,为海事审判实务提供有益的理论参考。本文除引言和结论外,共包括四部分。第一部分,为明确研究对象,分别对连带责任及海事赔偿责任限制的概念进行了界定,同时对其法律性质、制度价值及法律适用规则进行了初步介绍。简要概括了我国海商法体系下连带责任适用的具体情形,结合海事赔偿责任限制适用在海事海商案件中适用的高频性,突出本文的研究与实践价值。第二部分,以连带责任方是否共享同一海事赔偿责任限额为界,通过建立模型群的方法,分别探讨二者冲突的原因与具体的冲突表现,并引入"先冲抵,后限制"规则对冲突特殊影响的分析。第三部分,从比较法的视角,考察了世界主要国家对类似问题的解决方案及理论基础,综合评述各方案在协调冲突中的兼容性,总结认为应在自主协调方案与连带责任总额自始限缩方案中选择。第四部分,在海事赔偿责任限制效力范围、连带责任总额确定规则及配套诉讼模式三个议题下,对作为我国现阶段协调题述冲突的适用方案,亦是我国学界普遍推崇的连带责任总额自始限缩方案与自主协调方案进行全方面的比较,从理论与实务两个层面论证了自主协调方案的当然性与实用性。
[Abstract]:When people make use of ship and other factors to carry out marine economic activities, they are restricted and restricted by the special environmental factors of the sea, and the traditional trade laws and customs are difficult to meet the objective needs of countries and shipping trade participants. As a result, the related legal relationship of human activities on the sea gradually adjusted by merchants' habits, and then became the legal system of maritime commerce by combing and developing. In order to respond to the particularity of the legal relationship concerning the sea, there is no shortage of the unique system under the maritime commercial legal system to break through the basic principles of the traditional civil legal system, and the limitation of the liability for maritime claims is one of them. Its original intention is to encourage the risk of high risk of marine adventure, so as to seek a country's political, economic and more long-term and stable development. Up to now, this system goal still has quite realistic significance. However, the uniqueness of the design of maritime law system at the same time to some extent foreshadow the risk of incompatibility with the general civil legal system, and this kind of risk can also be confirmed in the judicial and research of maritime merchants. The conflict between the limitation of maritime liability and the application of joint liability is an example. This paper starts with the basic elements of joint and several liability, limits the right of maritime claims liability, establishes several models in different situations, and analyzes the conflict causes and influencing factors in the application of the two legal systems in combination with actual cases and legal provisions. A comprehensive introduction of domestic and foreign legislation and doctrine of conflict coordination program, and further analysis of the core issues concerned by the relevant programs, in order to summarize the appropriate legislation and judicial situation in China, To provide a useful theoretical reference for maritime trial practice. In addition to the introduction and conclusions, this paper consists of four parts. In the first part, the concepts of joint and several liability and limitation of maritime liability are defined, and the legal nature, system value and applicable rules of law are introduced. This paper briefly summarizes the concrete situation of the application of joint and several liability under the maritime law system of our country, and emphasizes the research and practice value of this article by combining the high frequency of applying the limitation of maritime claim liability in maritime commercial cases. The second part, taking whether the joint and several liability parties share the same limitation of maritime claim liability, through the method of establishing the model group, discusses the causes and the concrete conflict performance of the two conflicts, and introduces the "first offset". The analysis of the special effect of the post-restriction rule on the conflict. The third part, from the perspective of comparative law, examines the solutions and theoretical basis of similar problems in major countries in the world, and comprehensively comments on the compatibility of various schemes in the conflict of coordination. It is concluded that the autonomous coordination scheme and the total amount of joint and several liability reduction scheme should be selected. The fourth part, in the maritime claim liability limitation validity scope, the joint and several liability total determination rule and the supporting lawsuit pattern three topics, to our country present stage coordinates the topic conflict application plan, It is also the comparison between the total amount of joint and several liability reduction scheme and the independent coordination scheme, which is generally respected by the academic circles in our country, and demonstrates the naturalness and practicability of the autonomous coordination scheme from the two aspects of theory and practice.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.294

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