沃伦法院时期美国联邦最高法院执行公共政策的方式

发布时间：2018-03-11 09:35

本文选题：沃伦法院　切入点：公共政策　出处：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：沃伦法院时期的美国联邦最高法院在保证其"解释宪法和法律,维护法律统一性"的司法功能的基础上也通过对众多急需解决的公共性问题的司法介入而使其政治功能得到强化,在政治功能的表现形式中发展出了公共政策的创制功能,从而使沃伦法院在美国的政治发展进程中发挥了重要的作用,极大地推动了对平等、自由和权利的维护和追求。沃伦法院在司法自由理念的指导下对那些原本应该属于政府解决的公共政策进行司法介入,通过司法审查、创造先例或者法律解释的方式对公共政策进行取舍,要么坚守,要么突破,从而影响政府制定的公共政策在社会生活中起到的作用。本文主要内容分为四个部分:第一部分,总结了沃伦法院时期美国联邦最高法院面临的公共性问题。经历了二战的美国正处于维持国内安全的时代,此时由于文森法院时期的美国联邦最高法院奉行司法克制理念,从而也在一定程度上导致行政机关和立法机关权力的扩张,于是很多在美国由来已久的种族问题、公民权利和自由遭受侵害的问题都充斥在沃伦就任首席大法官的1953年至1969年期间等待得到解决。第二部分,分析了美国联邦最高法院的政治功能。拥有司法权力的联邦最高法院最重要的职责是解决纠纷、适用法律的司法功能,但是随着司法权的扩张,联邦最高法院的司法功能开始延伸出具有维护国家体制、制约国家权力、形成公共政策等多种表现形式的政治功能,从而需要联邦最高法院对政治生活进行介入,虽然早期的司法独立理念要求联邦最高法院对"政治问题"进行回避,但是政治功能的确定以及理论上的正当合法也促进了联邦最高法院对政治功能的强化,再通过对法院执行公共政策的理论分析,说明法院形成公共政策的正当性和相比其他机关所具有的优势。第三部分,概括了沃伦法院时期的美国联邦最高法院执行公共政策的方式。将法院执行公共政策的方式分为三种:第一种是司法审查,从联邦最高法院司法审查的范围和所要遵循的界限进行分析;第二种是创造先例,从先例的制定主体、过程和效力来阐述联邦最高法院在发挥其执行公共政策的过程中所需要注意的问题;第三种是法律解释,通过分析法律解释的主体和必要性,突出联邦最高法院执行公共政策的必要。第四部分,论述了沃伦法院执行公共政策对后世的影响。作为沃伦法院承继者的伯格法院必然会受到影响,只是在选择执行公共政策的方式时有所权衡,到后期转变为司法克制理念指导下的伯格法院较少使用司法审查的方式而更多的运用法律解释的方式来执行公共政策,从而减少与公共政策之间的冲突,而且法院在对待司法与政策关系的问题也受到了很深刻的影响。
[Abstract]:The Supreme Court of the United States during the Warren Court was making sure that it "interpreted the Constitution and the law." On the basis of the judicial function of maintaining the unity of law, the political function has been strengthened through judicial intervention in many public problems that need to be solved, and the creative function of public policy has been developed in the form of political function. That allowed the Warren Court to play an important role in the political development of the United States, greatly promoting equality, The maintenance and pursuit of freedom and rights. The Warren Court, guided by the concept of judicial freedom, intervened in public policies that should have been resolved by the government, and passed judicial review. In order to influence the role of public policies made by the government in social life, there are four parts in this paper: the first part, the main content of this paper is divided into four parts: the first part is the first part, which can influence the role of the public policy made by the government in the social life. This paper summarizes the public problems faced by the Supreme Court of the United States during the Warren Court period. After World War II, the United States is in the era of maintaining domestic security. At this time, since the Supreme Court of the United States in the period of the Wenson Court, the Supreme Court of the United States pursued the concept of judicial restraint, Thus, to a certain extent, it also led to the expansion of the powers of the executive and the legislature. As a result, many long-standing racial issues in the United States, The issue of violations of civil rights and freedoms was rife between 1953 and 1969, when Warren became Chief Justice. Part two, This paper analyzes the political function of the Supreme Court of the United States. The most important duty of the Supreme Court with judicial power is to resolve disputes and apply the judicial function of the law, but with the expansion of judicial power, The judicial function of the Federal Supreme Court began to extend to the political function of safeguarding the state system, restricting the state power, forming public policies and other forms of political functions, thus requiring the intervention of the Federal Supreme Court in political life. Although the early concept of judicial independence required the Federal Supreme Court to challenge "political issues", the determination of political functions and the legitimacy of theory also contributed to the strengthening of political functions by the Federal Supreme Court. Then, through the theoretical analysis of the court's public policy, it explains the legitimacy of the court's formation of public policy and its advantages over other organs. The third part, This paper summarizes the ways in which the Supreme Court of the United States carried out public policy during the Warren Court period. There are three ways in which the court carries out public policy: the first is judicial review. From the scope of judicial review by the Federal Supreme Court and the boundaries to be followed; the second is to create precedents, from the subject of setting precedents, The process and effectiveness of the Federal Supreme Court in the implementation of public policy in the exercise of the attention of the problems; the third is the interpretation of the law, through the analysis of the subject and necessity of legal interpretation, Highlighting the necessity for the Federal Supreme Court to execute public policy. Part 4th discusses the impact of Warren Court's public policy enforcement on future generations. Berg's Court, as the successor to Warren's Court, is bound to be affected. Only in the choice of public policy implementation of the way to the later transformation to the concept of judicial restraint under the guidance of the Berg court less use of judicial review and more use of legal interpretation to implement public policy. This reduces conflicts with public policy, and the court's treatment of the relationship between justice and policy is deeply influenced.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D971.2;DD916.2

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