刑事被害人救济制度研究

发布时间：2018-11-24 16:23

【摘要】：在我国，刑事被害人是指合法权益直接遭受犯罪侵害的人，同时也是在司法实践中最容易忽视的群体。犯罪作为一种特殊的侵权行为，对被害人所造成的损害是巨大的，甚至是致命的。但是，大部分刑事被害人却无法从罪犯处得到足够的赔偿，致使其生活陷入困境，成为社会边缘人群，由此产生报复、上访等一系列社会问题，破坏安定的社会秩序。但欣慰的是，在构建和谐社会的大背景下，刑事被害人救济制度被广泛的提出并试行，笔者也顺应社会发展的潮流，通过对刑事被害人救济制度进行探讨，并提出自己的观点。本文的第一部分侧重于刑事被害人及刑事被害人救济制度概念和价值追求的分析。考虑到救济制度本身具有福利性，所以本文中的刑事被害人应特指因犯罪行为的侵害使人身、财产或其他权益遭受损害，但是却因得不到足够的赔偿而使生活陷入困境的自然人。与之相对应，刑事被害人救济制度则是指国家以法律或政策为基础，采取必要的措施减轻被害人的经济损失，缓解被害人经济困难的一种关怀性制度。刑事被害人救济制度的价值追求应包括协调国家与社会成员的关系、充分保障人权和构建和谐社会三个方面。本文的第二部分是对英美法系和大陆法系刑事被害人救济制度的分析。受传统文化和国情的影响，英美法系和大陆法系，以及两大法系中的各个国家和地区对于刑事被害人救济制度的规定都有一定的差异，但是总体而言，大部分国家都将刑事被害人救济制度规定在本国的法律之中，，并且救济制度的内容无外乎救济对象、救济条件、救济的资金来源，救济机构和程序等。这些都对我国刑事被害人救济制度的构建提供的参考，作为国际社会中重要的一份子，本着本国法律顺应国际法律发展潮流的精神，我们有必要全面的了解国外的相关规定，充分借鉴其好的方面，进而为完善我国的相关制度提供建议。本文的第三部分对我国刑事被害人救济制度的现状进行分析并提出所存在的问题。不可否认的是，我国在刑事被害人救济方面已经做出了很大的努力，很多地区已经形成了被害人救济的试点，帮助他们走出生活的困境，并得到了很好的社会效应。但是，由于缺乏相关的法律规定，我国的刑事被害人救济制度的试点工作出现了一系列的问题，具体表现为缺乏系统性、长效性、程序设置不合理、资金保障不到位等。对此，应该分析这种矛盾现象存在的原因，为问题的解决提供基础。本文的第四部分对我国刑事被害人救济制度的完善提出建议。在这一部分，笔者对于刑事被害人救济制度，在救济对象、救济标准、救济资金来源和救济程序方面提出了自己的建议。当前，建立刑事被害人救济制度已经迫在眉睫，笔者在此也希望能抛砖引玉，为我国刑事被害人救济制度的建设尽一些绵薄之力。
[Abstract]:In our country, the criminal victim refers to the person whose legitimate rights and interests are directly infringed by the crime, and is also the most easily neglected group in the judicial practice. As a kind of special tort, the damage to the victim is huge, even fatal. However, most of the criminal victims can not get enough compensation from the criminals, resulting in their lives into difficulties, become the marginalized groups of society, resulting in revenge, petition and a series of social problems, and undermine the stability of the social order. But it is gratifying that under the background of constructing harmonious society, the criminal victim relief system has been widely put forward and tried out, and the author also conforms to the trend of social development, through the discussion of the criminal victim relief system, and puts forward his own views. The first part of this paper focuses on the analysis of the concept and value pursuit of criminal victim and criminal victim relief system. Considering the welfare nature of the relief system itself, the criminal victim in this article should specifically refer to the damage to the person, property or other rights and interests caused by the infringement of the criminal act, But the natural person who can't get enough compensation to make his life in trouble. Correspondingly, the criminal victim relief system refers to a caring system in which the country takes necessary measures to alleviate the economic losses of the victims and alleviate the economic difficulties of the victims on the basis of laws or policies. The value pursuit of the criminal victim relief system should include the coordination of the relationship between the state and the members of the society, the full protection of human rights and the construction of a harmonious society. The second part is the analysis of criminal victim relief system in common law system and civil law system. Under the influence of traditional culture and national conditions, there are some differences between common law system and civil law system, as well as the provisions of criminal victim relief system in different countries and regions of the two legal systems, but generally speaking, Most countries stipulate the criminal victim relief system in their own laws, and the content of the relief system is nothing more than relief objects, relief conditions, relief funding sources, relief agencies and procedures. All these provide a reference for the construction of our criminal victim relief system. As an important member of the international community, in the spirit of domestic laws in keeping with the trend of international legal development, it is necessary for us to comprehensively understand the relevant provisions of foreign countries. Draw lessons from its good aspects, and then provide suggestions for perfecting the relevant system of our country. The third part analyzes the current situation of criminal victim relief system in China and puts forward the existing problems. Undeniably, our country has made great efforts in the criminal victim relief, many areas have formed a victim relief pilot, to help them out of the plight of life, and got a good social effect. However, due to the lack of relevant laws and regulations, there are a series of problems in the trial work of the criminal victim relief system in China, which are manifested in the lack of systematization, long-term effect, unreasonable procedure setting, inadequate financial guarantee and so on. In view of this, we should analyze the reason of this kind of contradiction phenomenon, and provide the foundation for solving the problem. The fourth part of this paper puts forward some suggestions on the perfection of criminal victim relief system in our country. In this part, the author puts forward his own suggestions on the criminal victim relief system, the relief object, the relief standard, the relief fund source and the relief procedure. At present, it is urgent to establish the criminal victim relief system. The author also hopes to give some help to the construction of the criminal victim relief system.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D925.2

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