我国财产刑案件民事债权优先受偿制度的缺陷及根治——从《最高人民法院关于刑事裁判涉财产部分执行的若干规定》第13条谈起

发布时间：2018-12-14 16:59

【摘要】：我国司法解释试图通过刑事执行参与分配制度在财产刑案件中实现民事债权的优先受偿,但这种制度安排存在先天缺陷。其无法全面、平等地保护民事债权,容易带来证明、调查及保全难题,并且不能统一解决公私债权冲突时的民事债权优先问题。要在财产刑案件中真正落实民事债权优先受偿原则,必须打破将民事债权优先受偿原则限定于财产刑执行阶段的藩篱,通过完善破产制度来克服这些缺陷。为此,应赋予自然人、遗产及非法人组织破产能力,将财产性公法责任规定为劣后债权,允许对破产临界期间债务人主动或被动承担财产性公法责任的行为予以撤销,建立财产刑执行公告制度。而刑事执行程序仅能以适当的方式实现同案民事责任的优先承担,且受破产制度的制约。
[Abstract]:The judicial explanation of our country attempts to realize the priority compensation of civil creditor's rights in the case of property penalty through the system of criminal execution and participation distribution, but this system arrangement has congenital defects. It can not protect the civil creditor's rights comprehensively and equitably, which can easily bring about the problems of proof, investigation and preservation, and it can not solve the priority problem of civil claims in the conflict of public and private creditor's rights. In order to truly implement the principle of priority of civil creditor's rights in property penalty cases, we must break down the barrier of limiting the principle of civil creditor's rights to compensation in the execution stage of property punishment, and overcome these defects by perfecting the bankruptcy system. To this end, natural persons, legacies and unincorporated organizations should be endowed with bankruptcy capacity, property public law liability shall be defined as inferior creditor's rights, and the debtor's active or passive undertaking of property public law liability during the critical period of bankruptcy shall be allowed to be revoked. Establish the system of property penalty execution announcement. But the criminal execution procedure can only realize the priority of civil liability in the same case in proper way, and is restricted by the bankruptcy system.
【作者单位】：安徽大学法学院;安徽财经大学法学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金项目“民事赔偿责任优先原则的实现机制研究”(11BFX029) 安徽大学研究生学术创新研究扶持与强化项目“民事债权优先受偿制度研究”(yfc100190)
【分类号】：D925.2

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