第三人欺诈合同研究

发布时间：2019-07-08 11:03

【摘要】：意思表示是法律行为的核心要素,意思表示真实是法律行为有效的必要条件。第三人欺诈与合同相对人欺诈一样,都会造成表意人的意思表示不真实,从而产生第三人欺诈合同效力瑕疵及利益受损人的赔偿救济问题。纵观世界各国的民事立法及司法实践,对第三人欺诈合同效力的立法模式可以归纳为三种:第三人欺诈无条件影响合同效力,受欺诈人可以撤销合同(如意大利法);第三人欺诈一般不影响合同效力,只有受欺诈人在因第三人欺诈而引起的误解属于导致合同无效的重大误解范围时,受欺诈人才可以主张合同无效(如法国法);第三人欺诈在合同相对人知道或者应当知道欺诈事实存在的情况下构成合同效力瑕疵,受欺诈人可以据此撤销合同(如德国法)。我国民事法律对第三人欺诈几乎没有规定,仅在《担保法》司法解释中略有提及,导致司法实践中对此问题的处理无所依凭。我国民法典有必要将现行法框架下的法律行为制度与侵权法规范结合起来,对第三人欺诈合同法律问题作出专门规定并进行全面规制。从宏观层面来说,在第三人欺诈合同法律制度设计上应当采纳德国法模式的规定,承认第三人欺诈在相对人非善意条件下影响合同效力,赋予受欺诈人一项撤销权以充分保护受欺诈人的意思自治,同时还应当吸收《欧洲统一法草案》关于第三人欺诈合同可以撤销的特殊规则,最大程度平衡受欺诈人与善意相对人的权益,实现保障个体意思自治权利与维护社会诚信交易安全的双向目标。第三人应当承担对于因其欺诈造成的受欺诈人与善意相对人损失的赔偿责任。从微观层面来说,完善第三人欺诈合同法律制度任重而道远,还需要借鉴国外先进的立法技术对民事特别法进行补充修改,明确界定第三人欺诈合同的概念与“第三人”范围,合理设置第三人合同欺诈的构成要件,进一步加大对合同中第三人欺诈行为的惩罚力度,以强有力的姿态切实保护市场经济中的诚实守信行为。
[Abstract]:The expression of meaning is the core element of the legal act, and the truth of the expression of meaning is the necessary condition for the effectiveness of the legal act. The third party fraud, like the contract counterparty fraud, will cause the expression of intention of the ideographic person to be untrue, which will lead to the defect of the contract validity of the third party fraud and the compensation and relief of the person whose interests are damaged. Throughout the civil legislation and judicial practice of various countries in the world, the legislative model of the effectiveness of the third party fraud contract can be summarized into three kinds: the third party fraud unconditionally affects the contract validity, and the fraudster can cancel the contract (such as Italian law); The fraud of the third party generally does not affect the validity of the contract, only when the misunderstanding caused by the fraud of the third party belongs to the scope of the major misunderstanding that leads to the invalidity of the contract, the fraudulent person may claim the invalidity of the contract (such as French law); the fraud of the third party constitutes a flaw in the validity of the contract if the relative party knows or should know that the fraudulent facts exist, and the fraudster may cancel the contract accordingly (such as German law). There are few provisions on the third party fraud in the civil law of our country, which is only slightly mentioned in the judicial interpretation of the guarantee Law, which leads to the treatment of this problem in judicial practice. It is necessary for our national code to combine the legal act system under the framework of the current law with the norms of tort law, and to make special provisions and comprehensively regulate the legal issues of the third party fraud contract. From a macro point of view, the design of the legal system of third party fraud contract should adopt the provisions of German law model, recognize that third party fraud affects the validity of the contract under the non-bona fide condition of the relative party, give the fraudster a right of cancellation to fully protect the autonomy of the will of the deceived person, and at the same time absorb the special rules of the draft European uniform Law that the third party fraud contract can be revoked, To the greatest extent, the rights and interests of the fraudster and the bona fide counterpart can be balanced, and the two-way goal of ensuring the right of individual autonomy of will and maintaining the security of social good faith transactions can be realized. The third party shall be liable for the losses caused by the fraudster and the bona fide counterpart as a result of its fraud. From the micro point of view, it is a long way to go to perfect the legal system of the third party fraud contract, and it is necessary to draw lessons from the foreign advanced legislative technology to supplement and amend the civil special law, clearly define the concept of the third party fraud contract and the scope of the "third party", reasonably set up the constituent elements of the third party contract fraud, and further strengthen the punishment for the third party fraud in the contract. Protect honest and trustworthy behavior in the market economy with a strong attitude.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D925.1;D913

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