男性生育权的宪法保护研究

发布时间：2018-02-26 06:19

本文关键词： 男性生育权生育自由性别平等宪法保护　出处：《湘潭大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：生育权原本是在女权主义运动蓬勃发展和政府的人口政策不断适应形势需要的助推下最终得以确立的。生育法律制度的设立从一开始就是以女性的权利保护为本位的。与时代进步和生育技术发展相伴并随的是，人们的生育观念不断变迁，各种新生现象频频涌现。现阶段，因女性擅自堕胎、无理拒绝生育而导致家庭破裂的现象并不鲜见；人工生殖技术的应用与发展，“代孕”成为挑战传统生育权的一种有争议的行为。其技术理性至少在保障男性获得生育权方面拥有了更多的自由，而相关的法律制度却是不宽容的；与各国普遍地通过立法确认男性生育假等手段强化政府对男性生育权的社会保障责任形成鲜明对照的是，我国现行社会保障制度及计划生育政策体现出来的政府决策导向及其相关的制度性措施却明显缺少对男性权利的尊重和关怀。我国现行生育法律制度及其运行暴露出的缺陷、空洞和滞后，，生育法律关系中男性的弱势地位的凸显与生育关系运行实践中女性生育权的失控，加之其法律保障制度和救济机制的不济，使得既往的权利关系的平衡格局在实践中时常被打破，各种生育权争议纷至沓来，男性生育权的保护问题由此而开始浮出水面。男性生育权构成生育权不可或缺的重要内容。确切地说，生育权是以保障男女双方生育自由的实现为基础的，具有自由权和选择权的属性；同时，它又以权利和义务相对等原则的维系为前提，故其亦符合请求权的特征；此外，生育权之于女性抑或男性亦彰显维系社会可持续发展的社会保障功能，故政府亦应对男性生育权的实现承担积极责任；为此，男性生育权理应得到应有的尊重，尤其是当其权利遭遇各种恶意行为的不当侵害时，理应使保障男性也有权据以寻求法律的保护与获得救济。从法理上说，生育法律制度对生育关系的调整要兼顾男女双方的利益并体现其弱者权利倾斜性保护的立法本位，以体现实质意义上的生育权平等保护原则。从制度上看，传统的生育法对生育关系的调整在更大程度上和更多领域体现的是女性权利本位。其立法先见就是：女性是社会弱者，在生育关系中亦然。勿庸否认，从生育行为关涉的女性健康权和休息权而言，对其适度地加以倾斜性保护势有必要，亦不违背合理差别的正义精神。而就生育行为本身涉及的选择权及其实现的途径来看，女性明显天然地享有更大的自由度和更多的主动性。也就是说，在传统生育法律制度对生育关系进行调整由此而构筑的生育法律关系中，女性均处于其中的强势一端，此类差别保护显然有违事理与法理。质言之，传统的生育制度对生育关系的调整在很多领域都凸显出明显的“矫枉过正”倾向。事实表明，在缺少男性关怀的传统生育法律制度框架内，男性生育权是一项极其脆弱的权利。宪法对生育法律关系的“二次平衡”，首先应在宪法框架内将生育权实质性地确定为一项彰显“平等的自由”与“合理差别的自由”相契合原则的基本人权，在对生育权进行确认或者对其作合宪性解释的过程中不能缺少最起码的男性关怀；其次，应立足于我国现阶段生育关系运行的权势格局，遵循合宪性原则对相关领域的法律法规作相应的补充、修改和调适，以彰显现代生育法的制度正义，改变传统生育法律关系中男性总是处于弱势一端的不利地位；再次，也是很重要的一点，就是应当体现政府亦对男性生育权承担适度的保障责任。比如目前的《社会保险法》或者以后可能制定的专门的《生育保险法》层面给予男性以生育假；此外，作为宪法基本国策条款的计划生育政策在实施过程对包括男性在内的公民生育权的限制过于严格，需要进行相应的合宪性调整。
[Abstract]:Right of birth was in the feminist movement vigorous development and the government's population policy to adapt to the needs of the situation under the booster was finally established. The establishment of family law system from the beginning to protect women's rights as the standard. The development and progress of the times and accompanied with the family, the concept of fertility continuously change, various new phenomena frequently emerge. At this stage, for women to abortion, refuse bearing and lead to the breakdown of the family is not a rare phenomenon; the development and application of artificial reproductive technology, "surrogate" has become a controversial act to challenge the traditional birth right. The rationality of Technology at least in the protection of reproductive rights with men more freedom, and the legal system is related to intolerance; and every country is confirmed by legislation and other means to strengthen the government's false male fertility of male fertility The right of social security responsibility contrast, government decision-making of China's current social security system and the family planning policy reflected and related institutional measures are obviously lack of respect and care for the rights of men. The defects of China's current family planning legal system and its operation is exposed, empty and lag, male fertility the legal relationship in the weak position of prominent control and operation practice in the relationship between female fertility fertility right, and the legal protection system and the relief mechanism of the balance of rights between failed and previous in practice is often broken, all kinds of reproductive rights disputes come in a throng of the male reproductive rights protection problems, which began to emerge.
An important part of the male reproductive rights of reproductive rights indispensable. Specifically, the reproductive right is the realization of freedom to protect both men and women family based, property right of freedom and right to choose; at the same time, it also takes the rights and obligations of the relative principle in order to maintain the premise, so it is also in line with the characteristics of right of claim; in addition, reproductive rights to female or male also shows social sustainable development of the social security function, the government should also realize the male reproductive rights actively assume responsibility; therefore, the male reproductive rights should be respected, especially improper infringement when their rights encounter a variety of malicious behavior, should make security men have the right to seek legal protection and relief. From the theory of law, laws on fertility adjustment of the relationship between men and women should take into account the interests of both sides and reflect the inclination of the rights of the weak Law protection, in order to reflect the principle of equal protection of reproductive rights in essence. From the system, the traditional method of birth adjustment birth relationship reflected in more and more areas are women. The legislation is the right standard SEER: women are weak in society, also in the family relationship. There is no denying from the female reproductive behavior, with the right to health and the right to rest, the moderate to potential necessary tilt protection, also does not violate the spirit of justice and reasonable difference. Way choice relates to the reproductive behavior itself and its implementation to see women obviously naturally have more freedom and more initiative. That is to say, on the birth of traditional legal relationship legal system which build on family relations regulating the family, women are in a strong one end, such differential protection is clearly contrary to common sense With the legal principle. In other words, the traditional system of family of family relations are convex in many fields and shows the clear tendency of "overkill". In fact, in the traditional family law system lack of male care, male reproductive rights is an extremely fragile right.
The constitution of the legal relationship of the birth of "two balances", first of all should be within the framework of the constitution of the reproductive right substantially determine the basic human rights as a highlight "equal liberty" and "freedom" fit reasonable difference principle, not the lack of male care at least in the process of reproductive rights or for confirmation constitutional interpretation on it; secondly, should be based on the operation of power structure in China at the present stage of family relations, make the corresponding supplement to follow the constitutional principle of laws and regulations in the relevant field, revision and adjustment, in order to highlight the justice of the system of modern family law, change the disadvantageous position of traditional birth in the legal relationship of men always at the end of the weak; thirdly, it is also a very important point, is also reflected in the government should take appropriate safeguard responsibility for male reproductive rights. For example, the current "social insurance law > or later may be made The special "maternity insurance law > level to give men to maternity leave; in addition, the terms of the constitution as the basic national policy of family planning policy in the implementation process of the men included the reproductive rights of citizens are too restrictive, the need for constitutional adjustment accordingly.

【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D921

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