我国少数民族文化权利法律保护探究

发布时间：2018-04-02 12:17

本文选题：文化权利　切入点：少数民族　出处：《广西师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国是一个统一的多民族国家,少数民族在我国社会主义革命和建设中发挥着重要的作用,各个少数民族在长期的历史发展演进中形成各自各具特色的文化传统,保护和弘扬少数民族文化,是文化多样性的体现,是维护民族团结、国家统一的需要。把少数民族的文化作为一项权利对待,就是将文化权利化。少数民族文化权利是用法律的形式把少数民族在历史长河中创造的精神财富固定的权利,学界对少数民族文化权利法律性质还存有普遍权利与特殊权利、集体权利与个体权利、公权与私权的争议。权利的性质应该是由权利的法律属性决定了的,而法律本身对一个主权国家而言具有普遍的约束力,那么所有的权利都应该具有这个层面上的普遍性,任何权利都不可能出现所谓的特殊性。少数民族概念本身就是一个集体名词,是对某一类人的特定称谓,理所当然地,其享有的文化权利自然就是一种集体权利。民族成员,只要一旦确认其民族身份,他都属于被确认的民族。所以,构成某一民族的民族成员可以单独存在。从这个层面上看,少数民族享有的文化权利可以是某个少数民族成员享有的权利,因而,这种权利也可以是个体权利。把少数民族文化权利定性为公权,认为是由宪法及其相关国际公约规定的,是以国家意志来保护少数民族文化权利,这种观点有进步意义；把少数民族文化权利定性为私权,认为这种权利既有物质性又有精神性,符合这种权利具有个体性的特点,有利于让每个具体的少数民族成员积极参与本民族的文化的保护和发展。少数民族文化权利法律保护的价值是指法律在保护少数民族文化权利过程中所发挥的作用和功能。从法律层面上看,少数民族文化权利保护,不仅仅是一个保障功能,它同时也应该是一个确认功能和规范功能。少数民族文化权利法律保护机制是实现用法律手段保护少数民族文化权利的手段或方法,主要包括立法机制、执法机制、司法机制和法律监督机制等。当前,我国在少数民族物质文化遗产和非物质文化遗产保护方取得了相当的成绩,但其存在商业化和庸俗化等问题。为完善我国有关少数民族文化权利的保护,比较分析国外国家得失是有重要意义的。在美国,民族主义与种族主义自始自终都纠缠在一起,构成了美国发展的全部历史过程,少数民族文化权利的法律保护是在反种族主义的斗争中逐步发展起来。由于各个族群在政治地位、社会地位、经济收入等方面的差异,美国社会各个民族之间存在事实上的不平等,这种不平等导致了种族和民族之间的矛盾和冲突。通过这些斗争,美国的少数民族逐渐取得了美国宪法赋予的基本文化权利。在加拿大,多元文化主义的法制化在整个社会中形成一种多元文化的权利观念,使各个少数民族的文化权利有了切实的法律制度保障。在加拿大,保护少数民族文化权利有完备的法律制度体系。前苏联在处理少数民族问题上,奉行的是民族沙文主义政策,导致了少数民族的离心离德。在借鉴国外的基础上,结合我国的国情,本文提出了保护少数民族文化权利的法律对策：第一,立法对策,包括完善宪法对少数民族文化权利的保护、完善《民族区域自治法》对少数民族文化权利的保护、完善其他法律规章对少数民族文化权利的保护和完善地方法律规章对少数民族文化权利的保护等。第二,司法对策,包括明确少数民族文化权利的主体、明确诉讼性质、重视少数民族习惯法在司法过程中的运用等；第三,行政对策,包括深入开展全国少数民族文化遗产普查、完善非物质文化名录制度、完善非物质文化传承人制度等。
[Abstract]:China is a unified multi-ethnic country, ethnic minorities play an important role in China's socialist revolution and construction, the various ethnic minorities formed their own distinctive evolution in the long historical development of traditional culture, the protection and promotion of minority culture, is to reflect the diversity of culture, is to safeguard national unity and the need of national unity. The minority cultural rights as a treat, is the cultural rights.
The cultural rights of ethnic minorities are in the form of law to create a minority in the history of the spiritual wealth of fixed rights, scholars on the legal nature of the cultural rights of ethnic minorities also have common rights and special rights, collective rights and individual rights, public and private rights dispute. The nature of the rights should be decided by the legal property rights the law itself of a sovereign state has the universal binding, so all rights should be universal at this level, any right is not possible the so-called particularity. Minority concept itself is a collective noun, is the specific name, for a people to behoove the enjoyment of cultural rights, nature is a kind of collective rights. People, as long as once confirmed its national identity, he belongs to recognized ethnic groups. Therefore, constitute a nation The nation can exist alone. From this perspective, the cultural rights of minorities can be a minority rights of members, so this right can also be individual rights. The cultural rights of ethnic minorities as public rights, as prescribed by the Constitution and the relevant international conventions, is based on the national the will to protect the cultural rights of ethnic minorities, progressive this view; the cultural rights of ethnic minorities as a private right, that this right is both material and spiritual, in line with the characteristics of this kind of right is individual, have to actively participate in the protection and development of the national cultural members of ethnic minorities to each specific.
A few of the legal protection of the rights of national culture value refers to the role and function of the law on the protection of cultural rights of ethnic minorities in the process. From the angle of law, protection of minority cultural rights, is not only a security function, it should also be a confirmation function and regulating function. The cultural rights of ethnic minorities law the protection mechanism is implemented means to use legal means to protect the cultural rights of ethnic minorities, including the legislative mechanism, law enforcement mechanism, judicial system and legal supervision mechanism.
At present, our country has made considerable achievements in the national minority intangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage protection, but the existence of commercialization and vulgarization and other issues. In order to protect the perfection of the cultural rights of ethnic minorities, a comparative analysis of foreign countries and is of great significance. In the United States, nationalism and all along of racism are entangled together, constitute the whole history of the development of the United States, the legal protection of minority cultural rights is gradually developed in the anti apartheid struggle. All ethnic groups in the political status as, social status, economic income and other aspects of the differences between the United States and society each nation has in fact not this equality, inequality has led to contradictions and conflicts between racial and ethnic minorities. Through these struggles, the United States has made the United States constitutional basic cultural rights Good. In Canada, multiculturalism, the legalization of the formation of the concept of a pluralistic cultural rights in the whole society, the cultural rights of ethnic minorities have the protection of the legal system effectively. In Canada, the protection of cultural rights of ethnic minorities have a comprehensive legal system. The former Soviet Union in dealing with ethnic issues, pursuing is the national chauvinism policy led to ethnic disunity.
On the basis of foreign countries, combined with China's national conditions, this paper puts forward the legal countermeasures to protect the cultural rights of ethnic minorities: first, legislative measures, including perfecting the constitution of minority cultural rights protection, perfecting the "law of regional national autonomy > protection of minority cultural rights, improve the laws and regulations of other ethnic culture the protection of the rights and improve local laws and regulations for the protection of the rights of minority culture. Second, the judicial countermeasures, including defining the main body of the cultural rights of ethnic minorities, clear litigation characteristics, focus on minority customary law in the judicial process, the use of administrative measures, including; third, carry out the national minority cultural heritage survey perfect non-material cultural directory system, improve the system of intangible cultural heritage and so on.

【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D921.8

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