论公民的人格尊严保护

发布时间：2018-05-04 23:45

本文选题：人格尊严 + 基本权利　；参考：《西南政法大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文分为四个部分：第一部分，讲人格尊严的涵义与历史发展。首先，阐述人格尊严的定义，分析宪法意义上的人格尊严以及民法意义上的人格权各自的内涵，并比较其两个层面上的区别。在宪法层面的人格尊严是公民的基本权利，是宪法的最高价值，尤其是在国家与人的关系上，人是目的，民法层面上的人格权以人的尊严为基础，并将其在民法中得到体现并加以保障，主要属于私法的范畴，往往指民事主体资格或事主体本身。二者在潜在的侵权主体、地位、权利属性以及保护方式等四个方面存在不同。人格尊严的历史发展，从古希腊开始，，经历了漫长的历史过程，在二战后真正得到重视。第二部分，讲国外对于公民人格尊严的理论与保护实践，主要讲德国、美国、法国以及韩国这四个国家各自对于人格尊严的规定及保护方式。国外没有人格尊严这一概念，一般称为人的尊严。德国在保护公民人的尊严方面，走在世界前列，无论是基本法的规定还是司法实践中的保护，都体现出对人的尊严的重视；美国成功的宪政制度以及司法体系对公民基本权利给予了有效保护，尽管没有对人的尊严做直接规定，但实际上的保护很到位；韩国宪法将人的尊严作为最高价值，并通过多种途径进行保护，尤其是设立了专门的人权保障机构——国民人权委员会；法国宪法序言中将人的尊严视为一项宪法权利，宪法委员会通过大量案例重申这一原则以促进对人的尊严的保护。第三部分，我国对于人格尊严历来的轻视态度对当代造成了很大影响，及现行法律体系针对其规定和保护所存在的问题和不足。儒家思想对我国文化传统的影响巨大，儒家之礼是等级制度服务的，等级思想导致我国对人格尊严的轻视，至今仍有余毒，尤其是公权力的肆无忌惮。我国宪法规定了人格尊严条款，在多个部门法以及单行法中也做了相关规定，但都存在问题和不足，导致公民在遭遇人格尊严受侵害使难以寻求有效救济。第四部分，针对我国对公民人格尊严保护不足的现状，大胆提出解决方案。首先是宪法立法要将人格尊严条款提前，突出人格尊严的核心价值，并运用宪法解释确认人格尊严条款的突出地位；第二，运用司法程序，加强人格尊严的宪法保障，将宪法规定适用于司法程序中，使宪法不再是一纸空文；第三，参照国外模式，设立专门的人权保障机构；第四，提高公民人格尊严权利意识，积极参与对公权力的监督。
[Abstract]:This paper is divided into four parts: The first part talks about the meaning and historical development of human dignity. First of all, the definition of human dignity is expounded, and the connotation of human dignity in constitutional sense and personality right in civil law is analyzed, and the differences between the two levels are compared. The human dignity at the constitutional level is the basic right of the citizen and the supreme value of the constitution, especially in the relation between the state and the person, the human being is the purpose, and the personality right in the civil law is based on the human dignity. It belongs to the category of private law and often refers to the qualification of civil subject or the subject itself. They are different in four aspects: potential tortious subject, status, right attribute and protection way. The historical development of human dignity, starting from ancient Greece, experienced a long historical process and was really attached importance to after World War II. The second part focuses on the theory and practice of protecting the human dignity of citizens abroad, mainly on the regulations and ways of protection of human dignity in Germany, the United States, France and South Korea. The concept of lack of human dignity abroad is generally referred to as human dignity. Germany is in the forefront of the world in protecting the human dignity of its citizens. Both the provisions of the basic Law and the protection of judicial practice reflect the importance attached to human dignity. The successful constitutional system and the judicial system in the United States effectively protect the fundamental rights of citizens. Although there is no direct provision for human dignity, the protection is in place in practice; the Korean Constitution regards human dignity as the highest value. And through a variety of means, in particular the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, a special human rights guarantee body, and the recognition of human dignity as a constitutional right in the preamble to the French Constitution, The Constitutional Council has reaffirmed this principle in a large number of cases to promote the protection of human dignity. In the third part, our country's attitude of contempt for human dignity has a great influence on the contemporary society, and the problems and deficiencies of the current legal system in view of its provisions and protection. Confucian thought has a great influence on our cultural tradition. Confucian rites serve the hierarchical system. The hierarchical thought leads to the contempt of human dignity in our country. Up to now, there are still many poisons, especially the unbridled public power. The constitution of our country has stipulated the clause of human dignity, and has also made the related stipulation in many branches of law and in the special law, but all have the question and the insufficiency, causes the citizen to be violated in the human dignity to be difficult to seek the effective relief. The fourth part, in view of our country to the citizen human dignity protection insufficient present situation, boldly proposes the solution. First of all, constitutional legislation should advance the provisions of human dignity, highlight the core value of human dignity, and use constitutional interpretation to confirm the prominent position of the provision of human dignity; second, use judicial procedures to strengthen the constitutional protection of human dignity. The constitutional provisions should be applied to the judicial process, so that the constitution is no longer a dead letter; thirdly, a special human rights guarantee institution should be set up according to the foreign model; fourth, the citizen should raise the awareness of the right to human dignity and take an active part in the supervision of the public power.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D921

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