组织出卖人体器官罪司法适用问题研究

发布时间：2018-01-25 09:52

本文关键词： 人体器官组织出卖司法适用犯罪　出处：《华东政法大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：众所周知，出于人类基本伦理的要求，人体器官不得侵犯也不得作为商品进行买卖。随着生物医学技术的快速发展，器官移植得到了广泛地应用。然而在供移植的器官资源紧缺和巨额利润诱惑的现实状况下，我国买卖人体器官的现象愈演愈烈。尽管《刑法修正案（八）》增设组织出卖人体器官罪，加强了对人体器官交易活动的打击力度，但由于仅规定了简单罪状，本罪在司法适用环节中操作性并不高。鉴于此，本文将采用比较分析法、语义分析法等研究方法，，参考境外各个国家、地区关于人体器官买卖的法律规制，并结合我国买卖人体器官现象的特征，多角度、多层次地对组织出卖人体器官罪的司法适用疑难进行阐述和分析，并就相关立法提出完善的建议。从整体上看，本文共分为三个部分的内容：第一部分，笔者先通过对英国、美国等英美法系国家和法国、日本、捷克等大陆法系国家以及我国香港、澳门、台湾地区关于人体器官买卖的法律规制的系统评述，介绍有关人体器官立法的国际性趋势，进而引出我国《刑法》增设组织出卖人体器官罪的立法现状。在该部分的最后，笔者对组织出卖人体器官罪的构成要件进行了简要的说明，意在为后文的深入分析做铺垫。第二部分，作为本文写作的核心部分，笔者从组织出卖人体器官罪刑法条文中相关术语的界定、被害人的承诺对本罪认定的影响、本罪既遂标准以及本罪与非法经营罪之间的关系4个方面，对组织出卖人体器官罪的司法适用疑难进行详细的论述，并相应地提出自己的观点：本罪的“组织”可包括指挥、领导、招募、雇佣、引诱、容留等方式，但是应当排除强迫和欺骗；本罪的组织者和被组织者没有数量上的要求；“他人”不仅包括供体，也包括存在间接组织场合的直接组织者；“出卖”具有单向性，不能理解成“买卖”或者“贩卖”；“人体器官”既包括狭义的人体器官，也包括角膜、肢体、骨等重要人体组织；“情节严重”可从次数、人数、获利数额以及对供体人身健康的损害程度等方面考察；本罪要求存在被害人的承诺，未经被害人承诺的器官摘取行为应以故意伤害罪或者故意杀人罪论处；本罪是行为犯，只要成功实施了“组织出卖”的行为，就宣告既遂；本罪与非法经营罪之间不存在包容与被包容的关系，过去部分法院对本罪行为按非法经营罪处理的做法值得商榷。第三部分，笔者着眼于我国《刑法》关于人体器官犯罪规定上的不足，提出合理的立法完善建议，认为应在组织出卖人体器官罪中设立单位犯罪，并且增加对精神病人进行特殊保护的内容。组织出卖人体器官罪的设立，不仅体现了我国打击人体器官买卖行为的决心，也与国际上关于人体器官买卖的法律规制相契合。随着相关刑事立法的不断进步和完善，我国器官移植的环境也将变得更加纯净。
[Abstract]:As we all know, due to the requirements of human basic ethics, human organs must not be infringed or traded as commodities. With the rapid development of biomedical technology. Organ transplantation has been widely used. However, given the shortage of organ resources for transplantation and the temptation of huge profits. The phenomenon of buying and selling human organs in our country is becoming more and more serious. Although the Criminal Law Amendment (8) adds the crime of selling human organs and strengthens the crackdown on human organ trading activities, it only stipulates a simple crime. The operation of this crime in judicial application is not high. In view of this, this paper will use comparative analysis, semantic analysis and other research methods, referring to the foreign countries and regions on the legal regulation of human organ trading, and combined with the characteristics of the phenomenon of human organ trading in China. This paper expounds and analyzes the difficulties in the judicial application of the crime of tissue selling human organs from various angles and levels, and puts forward some suggestions on the perfection of the relevant legislation. On the whole, this article is divided into three parts: The first part, the author first through the United Kingdom, the United States and other common law countries and France, Japan, the Czech Republic and other civil law countries, as well as China's Hong Kong, Macao. A systematic review of the legal regulations on the sale of human organs in Taiwan, and an introduction to the international trend of legislation on human organs. In the end of this part, the author briefly explains the constitutive elements of the crime of tissue selling human organs. It is intended to pave the way for further analysis. The second part, as the core part of this article, the author from the organization of human organs in the criminal law provisions of the definition of relevant terms, the victim's commitment to the impact of this crime. The standard of accomplishing the crime and the relationship between this crime and the crime of illegal operation are discussed in detail on the difficulty of judicial application of the crime of tissue selling human organs. And put forward their own view accordingly: the organization of this crime may include command, leadership, recruitment, employment, inducement, shelter and so on, but should exclude coercion and deception; The organizers and the organizers of this crime have no quantitative requirements; "others" includes not only the donor, but also the direct organizer who exists in the situation of indirect organization. "selling" has a unidirectional nature and cannot be understood as "sale" or "trafficking"; "Human organ" includes not only the narrow sense of human organs, but also the cornea, limbs, bones and other important human tissues; "serious circumstances" can be investigated in terms of the number of times, the number of persons, the amount of profits, and the degree of injury to the donor's personal health. The crime requires the existence of the victim's commitment, and the removal of organs without the victim's commitment should be punished as the crime of intentional injury or intentional homicide; This crime is an act crime, as long as the successful implementation of "organizational betrayal" behavior, it is declared accomplished; There is no tolerance and tolerance between this crime and the crime of illegal operation. In the past, some courts dealt with the crime according to the crime of illegal operation. In the third part, the author focuses on the deficiency of the criminal law about human organ crime, and puts forward some reasonable legislative suggestions, and thinks that the unit crime should be set up in the crime of tissue selling human organs. And to increase the content of special protection for mental patients. The establishment of the crime of selling human organs not only reflects the determination of our country to crack down on the sale of human organs. With the continuous progress and perfection of relevant criminal legislation, the environment of organ transplantation in China will become more pure.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.3

【参考文献】