涉黑犯罪一般参加者之刑法适用研究

发布时间：2018-02-08 09:05

本文关键词： 涉黑犯罪一般参加者司法认定刑罚裁量刑事政策防控对策　出处：《西南政法大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：黑社会性质组织犯罪作为一种高级别的集团犯罪,其社会危害性之大毋庸置疑,因此,世界各国都对其采取了严厉的打击态度。然而,刑法的进步意味着刑罚逐步做到非感情用事、做到冷静和理性化。在刑法理论界与实务界将目光聚焦在涉黑犯罪的组织、领导者与积极参加者之时,对于涉黑犯罪一般参加者的刑法适用问题同样也不应被忽视。由于涉黑犯罪一般参加者这一群体自身存在着诸多的特殊性：其在组织中的数量可观、规模庞大；处于组织的底层,对组织的影响力较小；多来源于社会底层的弱势群体；主观恶性、社会危害性与人身危险性较小,反社会性不强；易于被教育、感化和挽救等等。因此,对于这一特殊群体,我们不应一味地进行从严打击,而是应当理性地看待这一群体的存在,对其采取有别于组织、领导者和积极参加者的打击力度和打击策略。在刑法的适用上,应当对其采取“入罪谨慎、依法从宽”的基本立场,从而做到正确的定罪量刑。在防控手段的选择上,应当针对其自身的特殊性,选择“放小”的刑事政策,建立长效的防控机制。惟有如此,才能引导我们有针对性地寻找到标本兼治的治理之策,更好地去预防和控制涉黑犯罪,恢复社会秩序的安定和有序。从而,在适用的效果上,有效分化、瓦解黑社会性质组织势力,最大限度地减少刑罚适用带来的后遗症,减少社会的对立面,实现刑法适用的最佳法律效果和社会效果；在价值的指引上,引导其向往人性之善而远离人性之恶。最终达到有效打击黑社会性质组织犯罪的目的,促进整个社会发展的和谐与稳定。文章除了引言和结语之外,其正文共分为五个部分,全文共约4.3万字：第一部分是涉黑犯罪一般参加者的司法现状。通过对41个相关案例的统计分析,总结出现阶段我国对于涉黑犯罪一般参加者适用刑法的现实情况和存在问题,以及涉黑犯罪一般参加者这一群体自身所具有的特点。其中,统计的内容包括涉黑犯罪参加者的涉案人员数量、个案的定罪量刑、刑罚的具体适用、具体犯罪的类型等情况。由此,提出了涉黑犯罪一般参加者这一群体应当被给予特殊的关注。认识到应当理性地看待涉黑犯罪一般参加者的存在,因为其存在与发展,是社会发展进程中多种因素综合互动的产物。第二部分是涉黑犯罪一般参加者的刑法因应。针对涉黑犯罪一般参加者这一群体自身的特殊性,提出了对其应当持有“入罪谨慎、依法从宽”的基本立场,并从四个角度对该立场的存在基础进行了分析。我国古代法律文化中儒家的中庸思想,慎刑思想；现代刑法思想理念中的罪刑均衡原则,刑法谦抑性原则,刑罚个别化原则,是该立场存在的理论基础。我国现行《刑法》中第13条“但书”的内容,相关司法解释的具体规定；司法实践中宽严相济刑事政策的要求,构建社会主义和谐社会的需要,是该立场存在的现实依据。第三部分是涉黑犯罪一般参加者的认定标准。探讨了在定罪环节,对于涉黑犯罪一般参加者所应持有的基本立场,如何进行切实有效的贯彻。在定罪时,要将涉黑犯罪一般参加者、积极参加者以及非黑社会性质组织成员进行严格的区分。具体通过以下三个方面进行把握：定罪须以黑社会性质组织的存在为前提；行为人的主观罪过评价；行为人的客观行为评价。其中,行为人所参加的是否为具有黑社会性质的组织,行为人有无接受该组织的领导和管理,这两点是区分涉黑犯罪一般参加者与非黑社会性质组织成员的根本。而行为人参与该组织的违法犯罪活动时所持有的主观心态,行为人参与违法犯罪活动的程度以及行为人在整个组织中的地位、作用和实际影响力,这三个要素则是区分涉黑犯罪一般参加者与积极参加者的关键。第四部分是涉黑犯罪一般参加者的刑罚裁量。探讨了在量刑罪环节,贯彻涉黑犯罪一般参加者所应持有的基本立场之时,所应当注意的问题。在量刑时,要在遵循罪刑法定原则的前提下依法从宽,对于涉黑犯罪一般参加者的刑罚适用,应当以宽缓用刑为出发点。此外,在具体的量刑操作过程中,还应特别注意以下几个问题：在量刑时应当综合考虑的各种情节,司法工作者应当用足、用好法定以及酌定从宽处罚情节的问题；适用财产刑时要恪守罪刑均衡原则的问题；有关立功情节区别对待的问题；有关缓刑应当有效适用的问题等等。以期在量刑环节真正做到罪刑均衡、轻重有别、罚当其罪,实现保障人权与打击犯罪并举。第五部分是涉黑犯罪一般参加者的刑事政策。阐述了为了有效防控涉黑犯罪,针对涉黑犯罪参加者这一特殊群体应当选择适用何种刑事政策,如何对刑事政策进行具体把握,才能针对其“症结”所在,达到标本兼治的良好效果。首先,在刑事政策的选择上,在论述了“打早打小、露头就打”等刑事政策存在缺陷的同时,提出了“抓大放小”的刑事政策是更为合理的选择。阐述了适用“放小”的刑事政策,能够弥补刑罚自身所存在的局限性,实现刑罚的目的,降低刑罚的投入成本,从根本上消解涉黑犯罪一般参加者的存在。其次,在刑事政策的具体把握上,认为应当建立防控涉黑犯罪的长效机制。在运用刑法对涉黑犯罪进行严厉惩治的同时,更要做好整个社会大环境的治理工作。从涉黑犯罪赖以生存的社会环境着手,加强社会控制。
[Abstract]:The crime of the underworld organization as a kind of high level group crime, the social harmfulness of doubt, therefore, countries in the world have taken a severe blow to its attitude. However, the progress of criminal law means that penalty gradually achieve non emotional, be calm and rational. In the criminal law theory and practice focusing on the Mafia Crime organization, leadership and active participants, for the application of criminal law criminal gangs general participants also should not be ignored. Because the crimes general participants of this group has some special characteristics: the number in the organization is considerable, large organizations in the bottom; on the influence of the organization is smaller; polysources vulnerable groups in the bottom of society; subjective malignant, personal dangerousness and social harmfulness of small, not easy to be antisocial; education, sense And save and so on. Therefore, for this special group, we should not blindly strict combat, but should be rational view of the existence of this group, to take is different from the organization, the leader and the active participants of the crackdown and strike strategy. In the application of criminal law, should be taken into sin the basic position of cautious, according to lenient ", thus achieve the correct conviction and sentencing. In the prevention and control of the choice of means, should be based on its own characteristics, select the" small "criminal policy, to establish long-term control mechanism. Only in this way, we can guide the search for solutions to tackling the problem the better to the prevention and control of organized crime, restore social order and stability and order. Thus, effective differentiation in the effect of the application, and the collapse of underworld forces, minimize the penalty caused by Reduce the sequela, the opposite side of society, the realization of the criminal law for the best legal effect and social effect; in the values of the guidelines, the longing for human kindness lead away from the evil of human nature. To effectively combat the crime of the underworld organization to promote the development of social harmony and stability.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the text is divided into five parts, with a total of about 4.3 thousand words in the full text:
The first part is the judicial status of criminal gangs. General participants through the statistics of 41 related case analysis, summed up the reality of the situation for the Mafia Crime general participants in the criminal law in China and the existing problems, the special character of this kind of crime and general participants in this group. Among them, the number of personnel involved in statistics including the Mafia the criminal case of participants, conviction and sentencing, the specific application of punishment, the type of specific crime. Thus, the Mafia Crime general participants of this group should be given special attention. Recognized should be rationally organized crime in general participants, because of its existence and development, is the comprehensive outcome of a variety of social interaction in the process of development factors.
The second part is the Mafia Crime Criminal Law for general participants. Aiming at the particularity of the Mafia Crime general participants of this group, proposed the "crime shall hold a cautious, basic position in accordance with the law, and the existence of Leniency" on the basis of the position from four angles is analyzed. The legal culture in ancient China Confucian thought, thought of cautious punishment; the principle of modern criminal law ideas of the principles of criminal law, the principle of individualization of punishment is the theoretical basis for the existence of our current position. "In Criminal Law > thirteenth" proviso "content, the specific provisions of the relevant judicial interpretation of the judicial practice of implementing phase; criminal policy requirements, need to build a socialist harmonious society, is the realistic basis of the position of existence.
The third part is the standard of criminal gangs. In general participants discussed the conviction link, basic position for Mafia Crime generally participants should hold, how to effectively carry out. In the conviction, the Mafia Crime in general participants, strictly distinguish between positive participants and non syndicate members to grasp the specific. Through the following three aspects: the conviction to the underworld organization's existence as premise; subjective evaluation behavior; objective behavior evaluation behavior. The behavior of people in whether has the Mafia organization, the doer has accepted the leadership and management of the organization, which is the fundamental distinguish between general participants and non Mafia crime syndicate members. Held illegal and criminal activities and the behavior of people participating in the organization of the subjective state of mind when, for The degree of status and the behavior of people involved illegal and criminal activities throughout the organization, and the actual influence of these three factors is the key to distinguish the Mafia Crime generally participants and active participants.
The fourth part is the penalty crime gangs. In general participants discussed the crime sentencing link, the basic position should hold to general participants of the crimes, should pay attention to the problem. At the time of sentencing, to follow the principle of legality under the law for leniency, criminal gangs general participants the penalty. To be lenient sentences as the starting point. In addition, in the specific operation, we should pay special attention to the following problems: the various circumstances should be considered in sentencing, the judicial workers should use enough, use statutory and discretionary lenient punishment problems; property punishment should abide by the principle of the problem the distinction between the meritorious circumstances; problems; the probation shall be valid for the problem and so on. In order to truly link in sentencing balance between crime and punishment, severity, penalty when According to safeguard human rights and combating crime simultaneously.
The fifth part is the general participants Mafia Crime Criminal Policy. In order to effectively control the crimes, for this special group of Mafia Crime participants should choose suitable what kind of criminal policy, how to grasp the details of the criminal policy, to the "crux, achieve good results in tackling the problem. First of all, in the criminal policy in the selection, discusses the" fight early playing small, outcrop "criminal policy defects at the same time, put forward the" large "criminal policy is a more reasonable choice. Describes the application of" small "criminal policy, to make up for the limitations of the penalty of their own existence, to achieve the purpose of punishment, reduce the penalty cost, there is digestion Mafia Crime general participants fundamentally. Secondly, in the grasp of the criminal policy, we should establish the prevention and control of crimes involving the long black Acting mechanism. In the use of criminal law to severely punish the crimes, but also to make the whole society management. Starting from the criminal gangs for the survival of the social environment, strengthening the social control.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.3

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