犯罪成立视野内的被害人过错

发布时间：2018-10-20 09:35

【摘要】：当我们对犯罪过程进行回顾时时常会发现,被害人在犯罪的发生、发展过程中有着举足轻重的作用,甚至在一些情况下,没有被害人过错行为就不会有犯罪行为的发生。被害人过错的核心在于被害人在对事件的共同责任如何影响不法。文章以被害人的概念为入手点,将刑法中的被害人范围界定为法益保有人,进而展开对被害人过错的相关分析,厘清刑法意义上的被害人过错,是被害人出于故意或过失,与犯罪行为之间具有一定的因果关系(也就是被害人过错行为需要达到一定的程度),并对危害结果产生了实质性的影响。也就是说对于被害人过错刑法意义的考量,必须要结合被害人主体条件、过错行为与犯罪行为之间的关系以及过错与危害结果之间关系三个方面进行。英美法系、大陆法系的国家已经对刑法中的被害人过错问题在立法中予以体现,而在刑法理论界关于被害人过错影响犯罪成立的理论依据也有着不同的学说。对于犯罪成立视野内的被害人过错应当予以体系化、规范化分析。首先在构成要件符合性中,被害人过错作为一种异常的、特殊的情形的介入可能会导致行为与结果间因果关系的中断,从而否定了因果性。同时在互动关系密切的具体犯罪构成要件中,例如交通肇事罪,被害人过错的存在可能会排除行为构成要件该当性。其次,在违法性的判断中,需要承认被害人拥有自我处置法益的权限,而损害结果发生时,需要考虑到法益受到侵害或者威胁是否是由于被害人自身的决定行为造成的。行为人自身的任意妄为行为造成损害结果发生的,由法益保有人自己承担不利的后果,主要存在在被害人自冒风险、被害人故意自危时的共同作用、被害人非法侵害他人的法益的情形中。最后,在有责性的主观层面的判断中,被害人对于行为人期待可能性的影响将直接关系到刑事责任的有无。总之,被害人过错在犯罪成立的三阶层体系中都有着不可忽视的作用。对于我国刑事立法中涉及被害人过错问题的有关规定进行归纳。在此基础上,针对刑法分则中被害人过错对于具体犯罪构成影响分布较为集中的罪名进行分析,重点列举了故意杀人、故意伤害罪、交通肇事罪、强奸罪以及诈骗罪,最后提出在现有刑法资源下如果加强对刑事被害人过错的认定,并提出自己的立法建议：在刑法总则中增加被害人过错条款,并以司法解释的形式对于被害人过错程度大小、适用标准进行量化；在刑法分则中,对于被害人过错比较集中的罪名可以进行特别的规定,以期能够准确、公正的认定刑事责任。
[Abstract]:When we review the process of crime, we often find that the victim plays an important role in the process of crime, even in some cases, there will be no crime without the fault of the victim. The core of the victim's fault lies in how the victim's joint responsibility for the incident affects wrongfulness. Taking the concept of victim as the starting point, the article defines the scope of the victim in the criminal law as the legal interest holder, and then carries out the related analysis of the victim's fault, and clarifies that the victim's fault in the meaning of criminal law is the victim's intentional or negligent. There is a certain causality between the crime and the crime (that is, the victim's fault behavior needs to reach a certain degree), and it has a substantial impact on the harm result. That is to say, for the consideration of the criminal meaning of the victim's fault, we must combine the subjective condition of the victim, the relationship between the fault act and the criminal act and the relationship between the fault and the harm result. In Anglo-American law system and civil law system, the victim fault in criminal law has been embodied in the legislation, and there are different theories in the criminal law theory that the victim fault affects the establishment of the crime. The victim's fault should be systematized and standardized. Firstly, in the conformance of the constitutive elements, the victim's fault as a kind of abnormal, special situation may lead to the interruption of the causal relationship between the behavior and the result, thus negating the causality. At the same time in the closely related specific elements of the crime such as traffic accident crime the existence of the victim's fault may exclude the behavior constitutive elements should be appropriate. Secondly, in the judgment of illegality, it is necessary to recognize that the victim has the authority to deal with the legal interest, and when the result of the damage occurs, it is necessary to consider whether the legal interest is infringed or threatened because of the victim's own decision. If the act of arbitrary conduct of the perpetrator results in damage, the legal interest holder shall bear the adverse consequences, mainly in the joint role of the victim when he risks himself and the victim intentionally. In the case where the victim illegally infringes upon the legal interests of others. Finally, in the subjective judgment of the responsibility, the influence of the victim on the expected possibility of the perpetrator will directly affect the existence or not of the criminal responsibility. In a word, the fault of victim plays an important role in the three-class system of crime. The related provisions of our criminal legislation concerning the fault of the victim are summarized. On this basis, according to the criminal law sub-provisions of the victim fault for the specific crime constitute a more concentrated distribution of charges, focusing on the list of intentional homicide, intentional injury, traffic accident crime, rape and fraud crime, Finally, if we strengthen the identification of the fault of the criminal victim under the existing criminal law resources, and put forward our own legislative suggestions: to add the victim fault clause in the general provisions of criminal law, and to the degree of fault of the victim in the form of judicial interpretation. The applicable standards can be quantified; in the special provisions of criminal law, special provisions can be made for crimes where the victims' fault is relatively concentrated, in order to identify criminal responsibility accurately and fairly.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924

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