论未成年人的侵权责任能力

发布时间：2018-05-19 00:43

本文选题：侵权责任能力 + 未成年人　；参考：《广西师范大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：目前,我国学术界对侵权责任能力的内涵、判定标准、意义等争议较大,关于其概念影响较大的学说有广义民事行为能力说、广义民事权利能力说、侵权行为能力说和不法行为能力说；关于其判定标准影响较大的是构成说和归属能力说,但近年一些学者又提出了客观财产判定标准；关于其意义,部分学者肯定了其存在价值,如梁慧星教授在其主持起草的民法典草案中,就明确规定了侵权责任能力,而以王利明、杨立新教授为代表的部分学者则认为其意义不大。世界各国对侵权责任能力的认定标准也不尽相同,甚至背道而驰。大陆法系对侵权责任能力进行了明确的规定,但区分德国模式和法国模式而有所不同,德国模式承认了未成年人侵权责任能力的特殊性,而法国模式则不承认未成年人侵权责任能力的特殊性,认为未成年人也应该对自己的侵权行为负责。英美法系则根本没有侵权责任能力一说,人人都为自己的侵权行为负责。虽然具体执行标准有所不同,但各国都对未成年人父母的责任进行了认定,规定了父母承担责任的情形。我国现行法律并未直接规定侵权责任能力,而是直接规定未成年人的侵权责任由父母承担,并在司法实践中受到广泛支持,这也使侵权责任能力制度的功能和意义受到质疑。由此可见,侵权责任能力争议的焦点主要在于如何确定未成年人的侵权责任能力。因此,本文对侵权责任能力的内涵、判断标准及价值进行了分析,重点对未成年人的侵权责任能力是否应该具有特殊性进行研究。本文认为：侵权责任能力应是指民事主体对其实施的侵权行为承担侵权责任的能力,民事责任能力就是侵权责任能力,侵权责任能力和民事权利能力、民事行为能力一同构成了完整的法律人格,是一个基础性的概念。侵权责任能力的判定标准应该区分于民事行为能力,应该是能反映行为人主观过错的识别能力,而不是意思能力或客观财产状况,在司法实践中采用年龄加识别能力的判定模式,既能提高效率,又符合理论需要。侵权责任能力制度具有多种法的价值,有利于侵权法衡平各民事主体的权益,并使其在理论上能够形成完整的体系。未成年人是社会的弱势群体,由于身体、智力和心理发展处于人生的初级阶段,他们对事物的看法和眼光不如成年人理性,不能完全理解自己行为的意义,而其成长关系到国家和社会的未来,理应受到社会的特别保护,其侵权责任能力应该具有特殊性,不应该用成年人的标准去要求他们。本文所采用的研究方法主要有文献阅读法、语义分析法、比较分析法、理论分析法。在写作本文的过程中,笔者与导师进行了充分的讨论,阅读了大量法学文献,为本文的写作奠定了良好的基础；语义分析法就是从词语本身所具有的意思去分析还原这些词语组合起来应该具有的意思,本文第一章就采用了此方法；比较分析法对丰富法学理论、完善各国制度有重大意义,本文大量采用了比较分析法,如第一章和第二章；本文运用理论分析法,将法理学和哲学的一般理论融入到对具体概念和制度的分析中,如本文第一章就采用了此方法。本文分为四个部分,第一章是自然人侵权责任能力的概述,从与侵权责任能力相关的词语的原本意思出发,研究侵权责任能力原本应该具有的内涵,分析了既有学说和一些学者提出的新观点,在此基础上,详述了自然人侵权责任能力的概念、本质、判定标准和价值；第二章是对各国法律相关规定进行比较分析,主要通过研究两大法系对未成年人侵权责任能力的规定,分析与评价不同侵权责任能力制度的利弊；第三章是我国未成年人侵权责任能力的立法及研究现状,从我国民法中责任能力制度的历史沿革和学术界的研究现状深入分析我国对未成年人侵权责任能力的价值取舍；第四部分是本文的核心部分,本文从未成年人承担侵权责任的一般规则和具体内容两方面对完善我国的侵权责任制度提出建议。
[Abstract]:At present , the academic circles of our country have great controversy about the connotation , the standard and the meaning of the tort liability ability , and the doctrine that the concept influence the larger has broad civil action ability theory , the broad civil rights capacity said , the tort ability said and the illegal act ability said ;
In recent years , some scholars have put forward the criterion of objective property judgment .
In this paper , the author holds that the law of tort liability is not only the ability of tort liability , but also the function and meaning of the system of tort liability .

The research methods used in this paper mainly include the literature reading method , the semantic analysis method , the comparative analysis method and the theoretical analysis method .
The semantic analysis method is used to analyze the meaning of reducing these words from the meaning of the word itself , and this method is used in the first chapter of this article .
The comparative analysis method is of great significance to enrich the theory of jurisprudence and perfect the national system , and the comparative analysis method is adopted in this paper , as in the first chapter and the second chapter .
This paper applies the theory analysis method to integrate the general theory of jurisprudence and philosophy into the analysis of the concrete concept and system , as in the first chapter of this article .

This paper is divided into four parts , the first chapter is the summary of the responsibility ability of the natural person ' s torts , from the original meaning of the words related to the liability of the torts , the author analyzes the existing theories and the new viewpoint put forward by some scholars , on the basis of which , the concept , the essence , the criterion and the value of the responsibility ability of the natural person ' s torts are detailed .
The second chapter is the comparative analysis of the laws and regulations of each country , mainly through the study of the provisions of the two major laws on the liability of the minor ' s torts , and analyzes and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of the system of liability ability of different torts ;
The third chapter is the legislation and the research status of the rights of the minor ' s torts in our country , from the historical evolution of the responsibility ability system in our country ' s civil law and the research situation of the academic circle , in - depth analysis the value choice of our country ' s liability ability of the minor ' s tort ;
The fourth part is the core part of this paper . This article puts forward some suggestions on perfecting the system of tort liability in our country from the general rules and contents of the minor ' s liability for torts .
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.183;D923

【参考文献】