论中国慈善组织的法治化

发布时间：2018-05-20 13:17

本文选题：慈善组织 + 政治国家　；参考：《山东大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：中国慈善在新世纪之后步入高速发展的快车道,作为开展慈善募捐活动、实施各类慈善项目、宣传慈善文化与理念载体的慈善组织发挥了慈善事业的运作主体以及连接捐赠者和受益者的桥梁作用,对于推进慈善事业的发展具有不可或缺的作用。慈善组织是以慈善为目的对他人进行帮助的非营利组织,是现代慈善活动中最重要的主体。慈善事业面向的人群是社会弱势群体,原有的制度环境在有关弱势群体的利益分配机制过程中存在不均不足以及社会权利的失衡是慈善事业存在的根源,慈善组织的快速发展也直接反应出我国弱势群体不断增长的制度需求。因而慈善事业是社会利益再分配的重要形式,慈善组织的功能是弥补利益分配机制的不足,对前两次分配之后的社会利益进行必要的再调整。近十年来慈善组织的数量及规模不断发展,在社会领域承担起第三次分配的重任,然而近两年被热议的以“郭美美事件”为代表的一系列慈善丑闻将中国红十字会所代表的慈善组织拉进了信任危机的漩涡。在中国,本应属于民间社会的慈善组织已异化为一种与权力体系、利益体系结合甚密的形态,其发展目前存在着行政化严重、公信力缺失、内部治理制度不完善、准入制度严苛以及外部监管失灵等主要问题,行政化、市场化的扭曲使其逐渐失去了慈善机构的应有之义。在这样的背景下,关于中国慈善应该如何继续向前发展的讨论愈演愈烈。慈善组织法治化命题的提出基于对公民慈善权的承认和保障,同时把握住了提高我国慈善事业发展水平的关键。法治的发展需要培育和发展市民社会,促进和保障多元社会权利,形成对国家权力的分割、分解和制衡。慈善组织作为民间社会组织的代表,是市民社会自我满足、自我管理、自我发展的自治组织形式。党的十八大报告明确指出要“加快形成政社分开、权责明确、依法自治的现代社会组织体制”,将法治保障列为社会管理体制的标准之一,突出了社会事业建设法治化的重要性和迫切性。伴随着政治国家和市民社会互动发展的法治进程,慈善组织的建设规律和方法的研究应以法治理念为指导,从恢复慈善的社会性、民间性本质入手,打破原有的行政化管理体制,拓展生存和发展空间,建立政府监管协作下独立发展运行的慈善组织管理模式,实现慈善事业从“人治”到“法治”的真正转变。在具体的制度设计上,法治化的形式目标是通过慈善事业的立法层次,制定统一的慈善事业法来重新界定现有的慈善组织的性质,维护慈善公益法人的独立地位。进而在实质上实现慈善组织法律的具体制度变迁,转变双重许可、多头管理的准入制度,完善并协调外部监督和内部治理的有效性,并通过税收制度、信托制度、反垄断制度等配套法律制度的建构保障慈善组织法治化的完善。在治理层面,慈善组织要通过自身公信力的建设重新建立社会对于慈善事业的信任和支持,实现慈善领域内的多元参与和共享。还原慈善组织的民间性、社会性和多元性,真正实现其自主性、独立性,从而发挥其应有的慈善功能。
[Abstract]:Chinese philanthropy has stepped into the fast track of high-speed development after the new century. As a charitable fund-raising, charity project, charitable culture and concept carrier, charitable organizations have played a role in the operation of charity and the bridge between donors and beneficiaries, which can not be used to promote the development of charity. The charity organization is a non-profit organization that helps other people for the purpose of charity. It is the most important subject in the modern charity activities. The people facing the charity cause are the social vulnerable groups. The original institutional environment is inhomogeneous in the process of the distribution of the interests of the disadvantaged groups and the imbalance of social rights. The root of the existence of philanthropy and the rapid development of charitable organizations also directly reflect the growing institutional needs of the disadvantaged groups in our country. Therefore, charity is an important form of redistribution of social interests. The function of charitable organizations is to make up for the insufficiency of the mechanism of distribution of interests and to adjust the social interests of the first two times. In the past ten years, the number and scale of charitable organizations have continued to develop and take up the important task of third distribution in the social field. However, in the last two years, a series of charitable scandals, represented by the "Jocie Guo incident", have drawn the charitable organizations represented by the Red Cross of China into the whirlpool of trust and danger. In China, it should belong to civil society. The charitable organization has been dissimilated as a kind of form with the system of power and the system of interest, and its development has the main problems such as serious administration, lack of public credibility, imperfect internal governance system, strict admittance system and the failure of external supervision and so on, which has gradually lost the Ying Youzhi of charitable institutions. Under this background, the discussion on how Chinese charities should continue to develop is becoming more and more intense.
The proposition of the rule of law of charitable organizations is based on the recognition and guarantee of civil charitable rights. At the same time, it grasps the key to improve the development level of our country's charitable cause. The development of the rule of law needs to cultivate and develop civil society, promote and guarantee the pluralistic social rights, and form the division and balance of state power. The representative of the social organization is an autonomous organization form of self satisfaction, self management and self-development of civil society. The eighteen major reports of the party clearly point out that we should "accelerate the formation of a modern social organization system for the formation of political and social separation, clear power and responsibility, and autonomy in accordance with the law". The rule of law is listed as one of the standards of the social management system and the construction of social undertakings has been highlighted. The importance and urgency of the rule of law. With the process of the rule of law in the interactive development of political and civil society, the study of the law and methods of the construction of charitable organizations should be guided by the concept of rule of law. From the restoration of the sociality of charity and the nature of folk nature, the original administrative management system should be broken, the space for survival and development and the establishment of the government should be established. The management mode of charitable organizations run independently under the supervision and cooperation will realize the real transformation of philanthropy from "rule by man" to "rule by law".
In the specific design of the system, the objective of the rule of law is to formulate a unified charity law to redefine the nature of the existing charitable organizations and to maintain the independent status of the charitable and public welfare legal persons through the legislative level of charitable cause, and to realize the concrete institutional change of the charitable organization law in essence, and change the dual license and multi head management. In order to improve and coordinate the effectiveness of external supervision and internal governance, it ensures the perfection of the rule of law of charitable organizations through the construction of tax system, trust system and antitrust system. At the level of governance, charitable organizations should reestablish social trust for charity through the construction of their own credibility. And support, to realize the pluralistic participation and sharing in the field of charity, to restore the folklore, sociality and pluralism of charitable organizations, to truly realize their autonomy and independence, thus giving full play to their deserved charitable functions.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.182

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