水污染责任保险法律制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-31 11:43

本文选题：水污染 + 水污染责任保险　；参考：《中国矿业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：对待水资源这样的公共环境资源,私利的本位行为带来的外部不经济性导致了水污染事故的发生。水污染事故具有累积性、复合性、巨灾性、高技术性等特点,使传统侵权法和传统的赔偿机制陷入危机,给受害人权益、社会的公平正义和生态环境的可持续发展造成损害,所以尽快建立适合水污染事故的损害赔偿机制势在必行,而水污染责任保险制度正是这种背景下的产物。本文结合国内外前人的研究成果,在环境责任保险制度的研究基础上,从水污染的角度分析环境事故所造成的问题:首先在保险模式选择上,针对国际上的投保模式类型,探究我国的保险模式适用问题;结合此前我国环境污染责任险的试点工作的经验,笔者认为我国应当适用强制性保险模式,但是应当采取循序渐进的方式,先在部分地区和部分高危污染涉水企业施行,再过渡至全面适用的局面。其次是法律关系主体确定方面,法律应当对承保机构类型和投保企业行业加以规制;笔者认为应加强涉水企业风险评估,对突发性水污染事故由联合承保集团承保,对累积性水污染事故由政府出资设立的专门性的环境责任保险承保机构承担,或者由普通商业保险机构承保,政府给予优惠补贴;对于投保人的确定,可根据我国水污染事故发生的实际状况,划定重点区域、重点行业和重点企业;另外应当规定承保机构和投保企业之间的联动机制。再次在损害赔偿责任的确定方面,着重分析对人身、财产的赔偿责任以及对水环境的治理责任;理论上水污染责任保险责任承保范围之内的损害都应是赔偿的范围,水污染造成的损害通常包括对人身和财产的损害,以及对企业造成的纯粹经济损失和生态破坏等;但是在保险实践中,如何精准的确定水污染事故造成的损失,是比较棘手的问题之一,笔者认为,应当适用恢复计费法、分类计算法、计量经济学法等数理分析方法引进适用到水污染领域,建立了适用我国水污染的经济损失计量模型。最后是保险费率的界定,笔者认为结合水污染致损程度的差距较大的特点,实行混合费率制;且引进损害参数,利用数理公式,施行奖惩费率制度。笔者粗略地总结出水污染环境责任保险的法律建构,试图为我国现在几乎处于空白阶段的水污染侵权领域提供理论借鉴。
[Abstract]:To treat public environmental resources such as water resources, the external diseconomy brought about by selfish behavior leads to the occurrence of water pollution accidents. Water pollution accidents have the characteristics of accumulation, compounding, catastrophe and high technology, which make the traditional tort law and the traditional compensation mechanism fall into crisis, and damage the rights and interests of the victims, social equity and justice and the sustainable development of the ecological environment. Therefore, it is imperative to establish the damage compensation mechanism suitable for water pollution accident as soon as possible, and the water pollution liability insurance system is the product of this kind of background. Based on the research of environmental liability insurance system at home and abroad, this paper analyzes the problems caused by environmental accidents from the point of view of water pollution: firstly, on the choice of insurance mode, aiming at the types of international insurance modes, The author thinks that our country should apply the compulsory insurance model, but should take a gradual and orderly approach, combining with the experience of the pilot work of environmental pollution liability insurance in China. First in some areas and some high-risk water-related enterprises, and then the transition to a fully applicable situation. Secondly, in the aspect of determining the subject of legal relationship, the law should regulate the types of underwriting institutions and the industry of insured enterprises, and the author thinks that the risk assessment of water-related enterprises should be strengthened, and the sudden water pollution accidents should be insured by the joint insurance group. For accumulative water pollution accidents, special environmental liability insurance underwriting institutions funded by the government, or by ordinary commercial insurance institutions, the government shall give preferential subsidies; for the determination of policy holders, According to the actual situation of water pollution accidents in China, the key areas, key industries and key enterprises may be delimited; in addition, the linkage mechanism between the underwriters and the insured enterprises should be stipulated. Again, in the determination of liability for damage compensation, the emphasis is placed on the analysis of liability for compensation to persons, property and water environment. Theoretically, damage within the scope of liability for water pollution insurance should be the scope of compensation. The damage caused by water pollution usually includes the damage to person and property, as well as the pure economic loss and ecological damage to the enterprise, but in the practice of insurance, how to accurately determine the loss caused by the water pollution accident, It is one of the thorny problems. The author thinks that the mathematical analysis methods, such as recovery accounting method, classified calculation method and econometrics method, should be applied to the field of water pollution, and the econometric model of economic loss applicable to water pollution in China is established. Finally, it is the definition of insurance rate. The author thinks that the mixed rate system should be carried out in consideration of the large difference in the degree of damage caused by water pollution, and the system of reward and punishment rate should be implemented by introducing damage parameters and using mathematical formula. The author roughly sums up the legal construction of water pollution environmental liability insurance and tries to provide theoretical reference for the field of water pollution tort which is almost in blank stage in our country.
【学位授予单位】：中国矿业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.68;D922.284

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