论农村土地发展权的归属

发布时间：2018-08-27 13:19

【摘要】：自改革开放以来,我国经济社会快速发展,城镇化的步伐也急速推进。因土地使用性质的改变、土地利用程度的提高所带来的土地发展性增益分配问题日益凸显。目前,我国宪法以及土地管理法中没有明确规定土地发展权,也没有涉及土地发展性增益归属的问题。但现实中已经出现农村集体与国家争夺土地发展性增益的具体实践。也正是由于制度的缺失,引发了一系列的征地纠纷。如何设置适应我国国情的土地发展权制度、如何公平合理地分配土地发展性增益,是推进新型城镇化、全面实现小康社会这一时代背景下对国家治理能力提出的新的要求。本文运用比较研究分析方法、历史分析方法、案例分析方法以及规范分析方法,对土地发展权概念的由来、学术界关于土地发展权利归属的争议、农村土地发展权集体所有的证成以及集体所有的制度措施进行论述,探讨设置土地发展权的必要性和可行性。土地发展权的概念来源于工业化、城镇化最早的英国。随后相继被美国、法国、日本等国家引入并予以本土化,这一发展过程丰富了土地发展权的内涵。由于我国对于土地发展权制度的研究起步较晚,目前对土地发展权还未形成统一的概念。学术界对于土地发展权概念的争论主要存在于土地发展权内涵范围、土地发展权的法律属性以及土地发展权具体内容三个方面。本人在第一部分通过比较土地发展权的概念与其他相关土地权利的概念、梳理土地发展权的历史脉络、列举世界范围内土地发展权的制度模式,明确土地发展权的概念界定。国家征收农村集体的土地后,往往将征收来的土地出让或者划拨给开发商进行商业化利用。由此,土地的价值增长了几倍甚至几十倍。关于这部分增益归谁所有的问题,学术界形成了国有说和集体说两种不同的观点。通过整理分析两种学说的异同点,笔者得出:国有说与集体说产生分歧的根源在于我国宪法规定的社会主义公有制的两大组成部分,即全民所有制和劳动群众的集体所有制的法律地位是否是平等的;宪法规定的土地所有是否可以理解为民法意义上的所有。经过整理分析,笔者认为我国农村集体土地发展权应当归属于国家和集体共享。一方面,近年来“小产权房”现象屡禁不止,其原因在于农民在自觉不自觉中已经产生了追求土地发展性增益的意愿,因此依靠传统手段已经无法解决“小产权房”问题;另一方面,我国地方已经存在土地发展权运用的具体实践。可见,我国目前已具备设置土地发展权制度的必要性和可行性。我国农村集体土地发展权的实现应当采取土地发展权转移制度和土地发展权信托制度相结合的方式,在厘清“集体”和“农民”两者关系的前提下,合理分配集体土地发展性增益,实现土地发展利益的公平分享。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening-up, China's economy and society have developed rapidly, and the pace of urbanization has also been accelerated rapidly. Due to the change of the nature of land use, the distribution of land development gains caused by the improvement of land use has become increasingly prominent. However, in reality, there have been specific practices in which rural collectives compete with the state for land development gains. It is also the lack of the system that has led to a series of disputes over land expropriation. Under the background of the new urbanization and the realization of a well-off society in an all-round way, this paper puts forward new requirements for the ability of national governance. By means of comparative analysis, historical analysis, case analysis and normative analysis, this paper discusses the origin of the concept of land development right, the disputes about the ownership of land development right in academia, and rural land. This paper discusses the certification of collective ownership of land development right and the institutional measures of collective ownership, and discusses the necessity and feasibility of setting up land development right. Because the research on the system of land development right in our country started late, there is no unified concept of land development right at present. In the first part, by comparing the concept of the right to land development with other related concepts of land rights, I sort out the historical context of the right to land development, enumerate the system model of the right to land development worldwide, and define the concept of the right to land development. As a result, the value of the land has increased several times or even tens of times. There are two different opinions on the ownership of this part of the gains: state-owned theory and collective theory. Whether the legal status of the two major components of the socialist public ownership stipulated in the Constitution of our country is equal, that is, the ownership of the whole people and the collective ownership of the working people, and whether the land ownership stipulated in the Constitution can be understood as all in the sense of civil law. On the one hand, the phenomenon of "small property right houses" has been prohibited repeatedly in recent years. The reason is that peasants have unconsciously and unconsciously generated the desire to pursue land development gains, so relying on traditional means has been unable to solve the problem of "small property right houses"; on the other hand, there is already the movement of land development rights in local areas of China. It can be seen that it is necessary and feasible to set up the land development right system in China. The realization of the rural collective land development right in China should be based on the combination of the transfer system of land development right and the trust system of land development right. On the premise of clarifying the relationship between the "collective" and the "peasant", it should be divided reasonably. Allocation of land development benefits to achieve a fair share of land development benefits.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.32

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