民用航空领域警察权行为问题研究

发布时间：2019-01-01 12:59

【摘要】：在民用航空领域中警察权是指为了维护民航运输安全与秩序,工作人员及旅客人身、财产安全,由宪法和法律赋予民航公安机关及其相关人员进行治安管理与刑事侦查的公权力。关于警察权的性质,普遍认为是行政权与司法权兼具,又因为警察权具有复合性特征,所以,警察权包括治安权与侦查权。民用航空领域警察权当然属于警察权,也必然具有警察权所具有的性质、特征,所以,民用航空领域警察权包括治安权与侦查权。民用航空领域警察权还具有强制性、复合性、排他性,所以在行使警察权的时候需要依据宪法、法律及规章政策。在民用航空领域警察权的日常行使过程中,运用最频繁的就是治安权。其中,治安权的行使主体既涉及民航主管部门公安机关人员、机场公安机关人员、空中警察等依职权的行使主体,也包括机长、航空安全员、安全检查员等被授权行使主体。由于我国民航运输业地快速发展,技术与管理模式多借鉴于美国,但是权力行使主体却是根据国内法律法规与国情进行执法的,因而,在实践就出现了一些问题,突出表现为两方面:一方面是空中警察身为公务员却受行政机关与企业单位共同管理指挥,另一方面是现有法律无法阐明非警务人员为何可行使治安权。民航公安机关虽然与“铁路、交通、林业”并列为具有中国特色的四大专门公安机关,行使目标都是违法行为与犯罪行为,但是民航公安的职责与权力却与其他三类行业公安之间存在明显差别,这是由于民用航空领域中犯罪行为具有民航业特有的国际性、突发性、科技性特征。同时,这也决定了民用航空领域警察权,特别是警察权中的侦查权不仅具有本土化特征,也具有国际化特征。因此,既需要加强民航公安系统内部、民航公安与地方公安之间的协调互助,也需要加强国家与国家、国家与国际刑事司法机构之间的交流合作。此外,为了应对各种突发的、易引发恐慌的刑事案件,做好立案前的侦查情报信息收集是非常行之有效的手段,特别是针对破坏性极大的恐怖主义类犯罪,可以行之有效地将其“扼杀在摇篮中”。最后,通过严密民航刑事法网,加强国际警务合作和加大内外监管力度,达到完善民用航空领域警察权中治安权行使与侦查权行使之间有效衔接。
[Abstract]:In the field of civil aviation, police power refers to the safety and order of civil aviation transport, the personal and property safety of personnel and passengers, Civil aviation public security organs and their related personnel are empowered by the Constitution and laws to carry out public security management and criminal investigation. As to the nature of police power, it is generally believed that the executive power and the judicial power have both, and because the police power has the compound characteristic, therefore, the police power includes the public security power and the investigation power. The police power in civil aviation field of course belongs to the police power, and it must also have the nature and characteristics of the police power. Therefore, the police power in civil aviation field includes the power of public order and the power of investigation. The civil aviation police power is also mandatory, complex, exclusive, so the exercise of police power needs to be based on the Constitution, laws and regulations. In the civil aviation field police power daily exercise process, the most frequent use is the public security right. Among them, the exercise of the public security right involves not only the civil aviation competent department public security department personnel, the airport public security organ personnel, the air police and so on according to the authority exercise subject, but also the captain, the aviation safety officer, the safety inspector and so on authorized exercise main body. Because of the rapid development of civil aviation transportation industry in our country, the technology and management models are mostly used for reference in the United States, but the subject of power exercise carries out law enforcement according to the domestic laws and regulations and the national conditions. Therefore, some problems have arisen in practice. On the one hand, the air police, as a civil servant, are under the joint management and command of the administrative organs and the enterprise units; on the other hand, the existing law cannot explain why non-police officers can exercise the public security right. Although civil aviation public security organs and "railways, traffic, forestry" are side by side as the four major specialized public security organs with Chinese characteristics, the exercise targets are both illegal acts and criminal acts. However, there are obvious differences between the duties and powers of civil aviation public security and the other three kinds of public security, which is due to the special international, sudden and scientific characteristics of civil aviation in the field of civil aviation. At the same time, this also determines the police power in civil aviation field, especially the investigation power in the police power not only has the localization characteristic, but also has the internationalization characteristic. Therefore, it is necessary not only to strengthen the coordination and mutual assistance within the civil aviation public security system, between civil aviation public security and local public security, but also to strengthen the exchange and cooperation between the state and the national, national and international criminal justice institutions. In addition, in order to deal with all kinds of sudden and panic-prone criminal cases, it is a very effective means to do a good job of collecting investigative intelligence information before filing a case, especially in the light of terrorist crimes that are extremely destructive. It can be effectively "strangled in the cradle". Finally, through the strict civil aviation criminal law network, strengthens the international police cooperation and strengthens the internal and external supervision dynamics, achieves the consummation civil aviation domain police power in the civil aviation police power exercise and the investigation authority exercise effective link.
【学位授予单位】：中国民航大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.14

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