转基因作物基因资源的知识产权保护研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 08:00

本文选题：转基因作物 + 基因资源　；参考：《华中农业大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：基因资源的获取、利用及其利益分享是农业科技、生物多样性发展和经济开发的重要问题。1961年法、德等欧洲六国在巴黎共同签署的《国际植物新品种保护公约》中提出的植物新品种权制度视乎为基因资源利用和发展提供了制度支撑,其以私权的形式保障了发达国家利用现代生物技术培育植物新品种的育种人利益,也就是强调了基因资源的个体开发和增值价值。随着全球经济技术一体化进程的加快,利益格局进一步分化,特别是当前面临资源、环境及人类健康等挑战性问题更加普遍与突出,基因资源主权及产权问题日益成为当前国际多角度关注的热点。转基因作物作为一种利用组织培养技术的基因重组技术引入其它生物或物种的基因而培育出来的基因改育作物或基因重组作物获得了快速发展,同时也对我们的农业生产、生活产生了重要作用,更是成为了生物多样性的重要方面。转基因作物是一种以基因资源为基础,通过基因重组技术来改良和培育,注入了个体价值,理应获得知识产权保护。但是,基因产权作为原产国国家的资源主权权利,特别是以传统方式保存并发现其品种价值的社区和农民的产权权益,在既有的制度体系中未能得到体现。当前很多学者也关注到这个问题,但其研究仍呈片段化,未能从法律角度对资源利用权配置进行系统研究,特别是基因资源与知识产权保护双向度互动发展尚未涉足。知识产权是知识财产私有的权利形式,是一种基于个体的权利生成,面对权利客体的多样性创新,特别是转基因作物基因资源集合了自然公共属性和个体价值属性,理应会对知识产权保护进路形成突破。本文以转基因作物基因资源为基点,综合法学、经济学、社会学、生物学等多学科视角深入探析我国转基因作物基因资源中所面临的知识产权保护问题,以利益视角对转基因作物基因资源过程中所涉及的利益相关体进行分析,力求发现转基因作物基因资源利用过程中在知识产权方面所产生的基本法律问题,以利益平衡理论、可持续发展理论、农民权益保护理论等为基础,通过对基因资源利用权进行法律配置,达到基因资源利用中私利和公益的现实平衡,并以此为基础构建兼容国际和本土特色的制度体系,提出了我国转基因作物基因资源利用中知识产权保护的宏观和具体立法建议,从而促进我国转基因作物基因资源利用的健康发展。通过研究,本文主要观点包括：第一,我国当前专利权和植物新品种权制度对转基因作物给予了一定法律基础保护,但对基因资源的自然公共属性关注不够,特别是农民权的实现载体问题；第二,转基因作物基因资源的知识产权保护既要遵循利益平衡原则、实质公平原则、鼓励创新原则,又要坚持防止滥用原则和国际合作原则,在防范与合作中寻求和谐发展；第三,立法选择方面应结合我国法律实际和外部环境,不宜由品种权保护的专门法模式直接过渡到专利法的模式,可探讨建立基因资源法保护模式；第四,在进行转基因作物基因资源权属登记的基础上,应当进行基因资源保护和利用的制度建设,包括事先知情同意制度、惠益分享制度、社区共管制度、生态补偿制度、权利救济制度等；第五,以农民权为基础和框架构建的基因资源权应注入社区发展权的公共性理念,通过社区共享性制度系统促进转基因作物基因资源与知识产权保护的双向度互动式发展进路。本文的研究虽然从多视角触及到了转基因作物基因资源的知识产权保护问题的内涵、核心及其关联体系,但还仅仅是理论上的分析和论证,还只是一个新的起点,仍有诸多理论和实践方面的问题有待进一步研究和探讨。特别要注意的是,转基因作物基因资源作为特定的公共性产品,既是促进主体发展的现实需要,又是生物多样性的必然要求。对于转基因作物基因资源的知识产权保护不应仅仅局限于传统私法范畴,还应从社会整体利益角度考究,搭建一种公共性的保护与利用相结合的法律路径,从而真正实现权利主体与客体有机结合的和谐发展。
[Abstract]:The acquisition, utilization and benefit sharing of genetic resources are the important issues of agricultural science and technology, the development of biodiversity and economic development, the.1961 year law. The system of plant new species rights proposed by the European six countries in Paris jointly signed in the Convention on the protection of new varieties of plants, which is signed by the six European countries, provides institutional support for the utilization and development of genetic resources. In the form of private rights, the interests of the breeders of developing new varieties of plants by modern biotechnology are guaranteed by developed countries, that is, the individual development and value added value of genetic resources are emphasized. With the acceleration of the globalization of the global economic and technological integration, the interests pattern is further differentiated, especially the challenges facing the resources, environment and human health. The problem of sex is becoming more and more common and prominent, and the issue of the sovereignty and property rights of genetic resources has become a hot spot of attention at present. As a gene recombination technology using tissue culture technology, genetically modified crops or genetically modified crops have been developed rapidly. At the same time, it has also played an important role in our agricultural production and life, and it has become an important aspect of biodiversity. Genetically modified crops are based on genetic resources, improved and nurtured through gene recombination technology, injecting individual value and obtaining intellectual property protection. However, genetic property rights are used as the country of origin. The rights of resource sovereignty, especially the rights and interests of communities and farmers, which have been preserved and found in traditional ways, are not reflected in the existing system.
At present, many scholars have also paid attention to this problem, but their research is still fragmented. It is not possible to systematically study the allocation of resource utilization rights from the legal point of view, especially the two-way interaction between genetic resources and intellectual property protection has not been involved. Intellectual property is the right form of private knowledge and property, and it is based on individual rights. In the face of the diversity innovation of the object of rights, especially the genetic resources of genetically modified crops, the natural public property and individual value attribute should be set up, and the breakthrough of intellectual property protection should be formed. This article is based on the genetic resources of genetically modified crops, and the comprehensive jurisprudence, economics, social science and biology. The problem of intellectual property protection in genetic crop genetic resources is analyzed in the interest perspective to analyze the stakeholders involved in the genetic resources of genetically modified crops, and to find out the basic legal problems in the use of genetic resources in the utilization of genetically modified crops, and the sustainable development of the theory of interest balance. On the basis of the theory of exhibition and protection of farmers' rights and interests, through the legal allocation of the right to use genetic resources to achieve the realistic balance between private interest and public welfare in the utilization of genetic resources, the system of compatible international and local characteristics is built on this basis, and the macro protection of intellectual property rights in the utilization of genetic resources for genetically modified crops in China is proposed. And specific legislative proposals, so as to promote the healthy development of genetic resources utilization of transgenic crops in China.
Through the study, the main points of this article include: first, our current patent and plant new product rights system has given a certain legal basis for the protection of genetically modified crops, but not enough attention to the natural public properties of genetic resources, especially the carrier problem of farmers' rights; second, the intellectual property protection of genetically modified crops is not only protected by intellectual property rights. We should follow the principle of balance of interests, the principle of substantive fairness, encourage the principle of innovation, and adhere to the principle of preventing abuse and international cooperation, and seek for harmonious development in the prevention and cooperation. Third, the choice of legislation should be combined with the actual legal and external environment of our country, and it is not suitable for the special law mode to be transferred directly to the patent law by the protection of variety rights. On the basis of the registration of the genetic resources ownership of genetically modified crops, fourth, the system construction of genetic resources protection and utilization should be carried out, including the prior informed consent system, the benefit sharing system, the community common management system, the ecological compensation system, the right relief system, and so on; fifth, The rights of farmers as the basis and the framework of genetic resources should be injected into the public concept of community development rights. Through community sharing system system, the two-way interactive development approach of genetically modified crop genetic resources and intellectual property protection should be promoted.
Although the study of this paper touches the connotation, core and related system of genetic protection of genetically modified crops from multiple perspectives, but it is only a theoretical analysis and demonstration, it is still a new starting point. There are still many problems in theory and practice to be further studied and discussed. As a specific public product, genetically modified crops are not only a practical need to promote the development of the subject, but also an inevitable requirement of biological diversity. The protection of intellectual property rights of genetically modified crops should not only be limited to the traditional private law category, but should also be studied from the perspective of social overall interests to build a public security. The legal path of combining protection and utilization can truly realize the harmonious development of the organic combination of the right subject and object.

【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.4

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