合成生物学的伦理问题及其反思

发布时间：2018-08-02 12:32

【摘要】：合成生物学是近年来发展十分迅速的一门新兴技术,自从诞生以来,就以极快的速度向前发展。合成生物学目前的研究还处于基础性阶段,在医疗、环境、能源等方面有了一些应用。随着合成生物学的不断发展,在未来有着更广阔的应用前景。然而,如同许多高科技一样,合成生物学在带来受益的同时,不可避免的带来了一些例如安全、知识产权、社会公正等一些伦理问题,影响着人类生活和社会发展,这些问题都值得我们去关注和思考。第1章主要介绍了合成生物学的概念以及目前的发展情况,对国内外有关合成生物学的伦理问题研究现状进行了综述,并对本文的主要研究内容、研究目的和意义进行了分析。第2章介绍了合成生物学的应用。合成生物学在维护人类健康、生产可再生生物能源、治理环境污染以及微生物计算系统等方面都有广泛的应用前景,对人类社会发展带来深刻影响。第3章是整个论文的核心,分析合成生物学的伦理问题。一是安全性的伦理问题。合成生物学的安全隐患主要是合成微生物与环境,与其他有机体之间相互作用而对环境和公众健康产生不可预料的风险以及合成生物学被不法分子所利用做出的危害社会的行为。二是有关知识产权的伦理问题。合成生物学授予知识产权的主要难题就是专利命名范围的宽窄问题。专利范围太宽可能会限制协作并抑制这一领域的发展；范围太窄又会使得研究过程变得太复杂。如何在二者之间达到平衡,是合成生物学发展过程中需要解决的问题。三是社会公正的伦理问题。对于合成生物学的社会公开问题,主要涉及两个方面：一是利益分配是否公正得问题；二是风险分配是否公正得问题。合成生物学的利益分配的问题主要在于：合成生物学被发达国家所控制,对发展中国家的利益造成损害。风险分配的问题是指涉及研究人员、实验室工作者、受试者、公众可能遭受到的风险。四是合成生命是自然的还是非自然的伦理问题。随着人类对自然的不断改造,世界上不存在绝对自然的东西,合成生物并不是完全“非自然”的,合成生物是既是自然的也是非自然的。第4章合成生物学的伦理反思。一是从生命视域的角度进行反思。什么是生命,生命的本质是什么?生命该不该合成?这种合成是否违背了尊重生命的伦理原则?在笔者看来,生命有自己的尊严,我们应该尊重自然和尊重生命,但并不意味着以此理由来反对技术的发展,也可以说,正在由于技术的不断发展,才使得人类能够更加清楚的认识自然,认识生命,更加的尊重生命,维护生命的尊严。二是从进化学视域下进行反思。合成生物学的生物进化并不是通过自然选择的自我进化的过程,是有目的、有控制的进化过程。这种进化过程是完全“逆进化”,还是“顺进化”?在笔者看来,合成生物学的进化过程是选择有益性状的功能进化,省去了自然界几千年来的进化过程。这并不是逆进化,而是对进化过程的加速。最后,本文提出要建立科学的伦理—政策框架建议。根据合成生物学发展过程中存在的伦理问题,认为要制定具有强制性的具体法规以及建立良好的伦理审查评估机制。
[Abstract]:Synthetic biology is a new technology which has developed rapidly in recent years. Since its birth, it has developed rapidly. The current research of synthetic biology is still in the basic stage, and has some applications in medical, environmental, energy and other aspects. With the continuous development of synthetic biology, it has a wider application in the future. However, like many high-tech, synthetic biology, while bringing benefits, inevitably brings some ethical problems, such as security, intellectual property, and social justice, which affect human life and social development. These problems deserve our attention and consideration.
In the first chapter, the concept of synthetic biology and its current development are introduced. The current status of the research on the ethical issues of synthetic biology at home and abroad is reviewed, and the main contents, purpose and significance of this paper are analyzed.
The second chapter introduces the application of synthetic biology. Synthetic biology has a wide application prospect in the maintenance of human health, the production of renewable biological energy, environmental pollution control and microbiological computing system, which has a profound impact on the development of human society.
The third chapter is the core of the whole thesis. The ethical issues of synthetic biology are analyzed. One is the ethical problem of safety. The safety problems of synthetic biology are mainly the synthesis of microorganisms and the environment, interaction with other organisms, unforeseen risks to the environment and public health, and the use of synthetic biology to be used by illegal elements. The two is the ethical problem of intellectual property. The main problem of the intellectual property rights is the wide narrow scope of the name of the patent. The wide scope of the patent may limit the collaboration and inhibit the development of this field; the scope is too narrow and the research process becomes too complex. How in the two party The balance between the two is a problem to be solved in the process of the development of synthetic biology. Three is the ethical problem of social justice. For the social public problem of synthetic biology, it mainly involves two aspects: first is the problem of whether the distribution of interests is fair; two is the problem of whether the risk distribution is fair. The problem of the distribution of the interests of synthetic biology The main reason is that synthetic biology is controlled by developed countries, causing damage to the interests of developing countries. The problem of risk allocation refers to the risks involved in researchers, laboratory workers, subjects, and the public. Four is the natural or non natural ethical problems of synthetic life, with the continuous transformation of human nature, There is no absolute natural thing in the world. Synthetic organisms are not completely unnatural. Synthetic organisms are both natural and unnatural.
The fourth chapter is the ethical reflection of synthetic biology. One is to reflect on the perspective of life. What is life, what is the essence of life? Is life supposed to be synthesized? Is this synthesis violating the ethical principles of respecting life? In my opinion, life has its own dignity, we should respect nature and respect life, but it does not mean that To oppose the development of technology by this reason, it can be said that, because of the continuous development of technology, human beings can make a clearer understanding of nature, life, more respect for life and the dignity of life. Two, from the perspective of chemistry, the biological evolution of synthetic biology is not the self advance of natural selection. The process of chemical evolution is a purposeful, controlled evolutionary process. Is this evolutionary process completely "reverse evolution" or "CIS evolution"? In my view, the evolutionary process of synthetic biology is a functional evolution of the selection of useful traits, which saves the evolutionary process of the natural world for thousands of years. This is not a reverse evolution, but a acceleration in the process of evolution.
Finally, this paper proposes to establish a scientific framework of ethical policy framework. According to the ethical problems in the development of synthetic biology, it is believed that it is necessary to formulate specific laws and regulations and to establish a good mechanism for ethical review and evaluation.
【学位授予单位】：武汉理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：Q81-02;B82-057

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