基于复杂系统理论的知识工作及其生产率研究

发布时间：2018-01-31 04:32

本文关键词： 知识工作复杂系统理论知识工作函数生产率距离函数　出处：《东华大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：一百多年来,泰勒(F. W. Taylor)开创的科学管理理论和科学管理实践引起了传统管理的革命性变化,大幅度提高了体力工作的生产率,给社会生产活动带来了显著的经济成效。随着社会经济的发展和知识经济的到来,在生产实践中,每一个环节的知识蕴涵量在不断增加。工作日益复杂化、知识化,工作的外在形态和内在性质都发生了巨大的变化。而且,知识工作占社会总工作量的比例越来越大,知识工作甚至远远超过了体力工作。现代知识经济社会进入了一个以知识工作为主要生产劳动形式,以知识工作者为管理对象的时代。知识工作生产率是现代知识经济社会中,个人、组织乃至国家竞争优势的决定性因素。因此,知识工作生产率提升的重要性日益显现出来。对于知识工作及其生产率的研究自然就成为经济学、管理学、社会学等领域关注的一个焦点。与泰勒(F. W. Taylor)的科学管理理论对20世纪社会经济发展做出的巨大贡献一样,知识工作生产率的提高必将对21世纪社会经济发展引发一次革命。虽然,许多专家学者在知识工作及其生产率方面投入了大量的研究。但是,由于知识工作本身的复杂性,使得对知识工作及其生产率的本质、知识工作的测量方法、知识工作生产率的模型构建等方面的研究变得十分困难,研究进展缓慢,尚未取得显著成果。甚至,象知识工作的定义等基本概念至今还未形成普遍的共识。正如T. H. Davenport等指出的那样：与泰勒等人的研究对体力劳动生产率提高的贡献相比,对知识工作生产率的研究,还远未能与之相比。基于上述问题,本文运用复杂系统理论的观点和方法,对知识工作及其生产率的本质进行分析。在此基础之上,构建知识工作及其生产率的模型和分析理论,为知识工作及其生产率提升的理论研究和实践指导提供新的思路。本文按照以下内容展开： 1.目前,知识工作有众多界定和定义,这些界定和定义并不统一。这种情况虽然能够很好地反映出知识工作多面的特性,但也说明了我们未能认识到知识工作的本质和整体。如果仅从知识工作的一个侧面或几个侧面出发去分析和研究知识工作及其生产率,势必使知识工作及其生产率的研究见木不见林。为了全面、准确、深入地认识知识工作,本研究首先结合了经济学、管理学中“生产”的概念、系统科学中“系统”的概念、复杂性科学中“复杂性”的概念和现有的有关知识工作的研究,提出了知识工作是人类具有复杂性的生产系统的观点。以此来为知识工作定位,且以此为本文的研究提供一个研究基点和基础。 2.显然,对知识工作本质的认识是把握知识工作及其生产率规律、解决知识工作生产率提升问题的前提和基础。本研究在上述研究基点定位下,应用WSR系统方法论的基本观点和分析方法,将知识工作的本质归结为具有三个维度的复杂生产系统,即投入知识系统,产出功能；投入认知系统,产出智能；投入步骤序列,产出效能的复杂生产系统。并以此三个维度为核心,构建了知识工作的定性框架模型。知识工作的定性框架模型不但可以用来分析、解释各类知识工作,甚至是体力工作；而且,知识工作定性模型为构建知识工作的定量模型以及知识工作生产率模型打下了良好的基础。 3.知识工作的定性框架模型虽然为我们认识知识工作系统和解释知识工作现象提供了一个分析方法,但是它不能提供在“量”方面的比较和计量。对知识工作投入和产出的比较和计量是评判知识工作优劣的重要依据,因此,本研究在上述知识工作定性框架模型的基础上,应用经济学的效用理论,构建了知识工作效用函数,并证明了知识工作效用函数的存在性和唯一性。连续的知识工作效用函数的存在性和唯一性,为数学方法应用于知识工作测量、知识工作生产率计量的理论研究和实践指导架起了一座桥梁。 4.知识工作效用函数是我们比较、评判知识工作成果非常好的工具,结合知识工作难度约束条件,就构成了知识工作系统的目标函数。本研究分别证明了知识工作系统在难度约束条件下,知识工作系统效用最优行为的存在性和唯一性；以及在知识工作系统效用约束条件下,知识工作系统付出最小化行为的存在性和唯一性。知识工作最优行为的存在和唯一,说明以结构有序度、认知有序度、步骤序列有序度作为投入的计量变量,与以功能效用、智能效用、效能效用作为产出的计量变量之间存在的明确的函数关系。 5.本文提出的知识工作框架模型,明确了知识工作系统的投入和产出,结合经济学和管理学中“生产率”的基本概念,本研究构建出了一个由知识元空间分布效率、人的认知效率、步骤序列的时间分布效率组成的知识工作生产率定性框架模型。该模型说明了知识工作生产率的本质是知识元空间分布效率、人的认知效率、步骤序列的时间分布效率的统一；该模型也说明了知识工作生产率的根源。 5.通过上文,本研究明确了知识工作生产率的组成和来源。但是,知识工作生产率变化的测量是知识工作生产率提升的基础,所以必须选择合适的测量技术对其进行测量。为此,本研究引入了距离函数技术,并应用距离函数对知识工作生产率变化的测量进行了研究。首先,辨清了知识工作的效率和知识工作生产率的区别。其次,分析了工作方法、技术进步、配置、投入规模等因素对知识工作生产率变化的影响。第三,运用距离函数技术对知识工作生产率变化进行测量。最后,提出了知识工作生产率提升的路径。 6.在构建了理论分析框架后,本研究以柯布-道格拉斯生产函数形式为例,应用本研究提出的知识工作模型、知识工作生产率模型等理论工具对知识工作系统的最优行为进行了分析。并以上文构建的知识工作模型、知识工作生产率模型为理论基础,对体力工作和知识工作进行了对比研究。通过对比研究提出了体力工作研究方法和知识工作研究方法的本质不同的原因。本文的创新点可以概括为以下几个方面： 1.本文将经济学和管理学中“生产”的概念、系统科学中“系统”的概念、复杂性科学中“复杂性”的概念结合起来,应用WSR系统方法论的分析方法和思路,识别和分解出知识工作系统的三个维度,并从知识工作系统的这三个维度各自的投入-产出要素以及三个维度的协同出发,构建了知识工作系统的定性框架模型。 2.基于本文构建的知识工作系统的定性框架模型,结合经济学的效用理论,构造了知识工作系统的效用函数。证明了知识工作效用函数的存在性和唯一性。同时对知识工作系统的两种最优行为进行了分析,也证明其存在性和唯一性。 3.基于本文构建的知识工作系统的定性框架模型,结合经济学和管理学的“生产率”的基本概念,构建了知识工作生产率框架模型。该模型为组织对其知识员工进行科学管理与人本管理提供了非常重要的借鉴意义。同时,该模型为分析和挖掘知识工作生产率中指明了方向,为知识工作生产率研究提供了新的理论研究视角。 4.基于本文的知识工作生产率模型,进一步结合生产率分析和测量方法,如距离函数技术,对知识工作生产率的种类、来源、知识工作生产率的测量和分析方法以及知识工作生产率的提升进行了研究,提出了一套新的知识工作生产率测量和分析方法。总之,本文对于知识工作系统及其生产率的研究是探求知识工作系统及其生产率理论和实践规律的一种尝试。
[Abstract]:For more than a hundred years , Taylor ( F ) W . Taylor ' s scientific management theory and scientific management practice have caused the revolutionary change of traditional management , greatly improved the productivity of manual work and brought remarkable economic results to social production activities . With the development of the social economy and the coming of the knowledge economy , the knowledge of each link is constantly increasing . W . Taylor ' s scientific management theory has made great contribution to the social and economic development of the 20th century , and the improvement of knowledge work productivity will lead to a revolution in the social and economic development of the 21st century . Although many experts and scholars have invested a lot of research in knowledge work and productivity , the research on knowledge work and its productivity , the measurement method of knowledge work , the model of knowledge work productivity have become very difficult , the research progress has been slow , there has not been remarkable achievement . Even the basic concepts such as the definition of knowledge work have not yet formed a general consensus . H . Davenport et al . noted that research on productivity of knowledge work is far from comparable to the contribution of Taylor et al . to the productivity of physical labour . Based on the above - mentioned problems , this paper analyzes the essence of knowledge work and its productivity by using the viewpoint and method of complex system theory . Based on this , the paper constructs a model and analysis theory of knowledge work and its productivity , and provides a new idea for the theoretical research and practical guidance of knowledge work and productivity promotion . 1 . At present , there are many definitions and definitions of knowledge work . These definitions and definitions are not uniform . Although we can well reflect the nature of knowledge work , we fail to recognize the nature and the whole of knowledge work . In order to understand and study the knowledge work and its productivity , we must first combine the concept of " production " in economics , management science , the concept of " system " in the system science , the " complexity " in the complexity science , and the existing research on knowledge work . 2 . It is obvious that the understanding of the essence of knowledge work is the premise and basis for grasping the knowledge work and its productivity law and solving the problem of improving the productivity of knowledge work . 3 . The qualitative framework model of knowledge work provides an analysis method for us to understand the knowledge work system and explain the knowledge work phenomenon , but it can not provide the comparison and measurement in quantity . The comparison and measurement of the input and output of knowledge work is an important basis for evaluating the quality of knowledge work . Therefore , this study builds a knowledge work utility function based on the qualitative framework model of knowledge work , and proves the existence and uniqueness of the knowledge work utility function . 4 . The utility function of knowledge work is a very good tool for us to compare and judge the results of knowledge work . The existence and uniqueness of the optimal behavior of knowledge work system are established under the constraint condition of knowledge work system . The existence and uniqueness of the optimal behavior of knowledge work system are proved . 5 . The knowledge work framework model proposed in this paper defines the input and output of the knowledge work system , combines the basic concept of " productivity " in economics and management , and constructs a qualitative framework model of knowledge work productivity consisting of knowledge element space distribution efficiency , human cognitive efficiency and time distribution efficiency of step sequences . The model shows that the essence of knowledge work productivity is the unification of knowledge element space distribution efficiency , human cognitive efficiency and time distribution efficiency of step sequences ; 5 . Through the above , this study clearly defines the composition and origin of knowledge work productivity . However , the measurement of knowledge work productivity change is the basis of knowledge work productivity improvement . Therefore , this study has introduced distance function technology and applied the distance function to measure the productivity of knowledge work productivity . First , the paper analyzes the influence of distance function on the productivity change of knowledge work . Third , the distance function technique is used to measure the change of knowledge work productivity . Finally , a path for improving the productivity of knowledge work is put forward . 6 . After the theoretical analysis framework is constructed , this study analyzes the optimal behavior of the knowledge work system by using the theory tools such as the knowledge work model and the knowledge work productivity model proposed by the research , and makes a comparative study on the physical work and the knowledge work based on the knowledge work model and the knowledge work productivity model . The innovation points of this paper can be summarized as follows : 1 . In this paper , the concept of " production " in economics and management , the concept of " system " in the system science and the " complexity " in the complexity science are combined , and three dimensions of the knowledge work system are identified and decomposed using the analysis method and thinking of the methodology of the WSR system , and the qualitative framework model of the knowledge work system is constructed from the three dimensions of the knowledge work system , the input - output elements and the three dimensions . 2 . Based on the qualitative framework model of the knowledge work system constructed in this paper , based on the utility theory of economics , the utility function of the knowledge work system is constructed . The existence and uniqueness of the knowledge work function are proved . At the same time , two optimal behaviors of the knowledge work system are analyzed , and the existence and uniqueness of the knowledge work system are also proved . 3 . Based on the qualitative framework model of the knowledge work system constructed in this paper , based on the basic concept of " productivity " of economics and management , a framework model of knowledge work productivity is constructed . This model provides a very important reference for the organization to carry on scientific management and human body management to its knowledge workers . At the same time , this model provides a new theoretical research perspective for the research of knowledge work productivity . 4 . Based on the knowledge work productivity model , further combining productivity analysis and measurement methods , such as distance function technology , the paper studies the measurement and analysis methods of knowledge work productivity , the measurement and analysis methods of knowledge work productivity and the improvement of knowledge work productivity , and puts forward a new measurement and analysis method for knowledge work productivity . In short , the research on the knowledge work system and its productivity is an attempt to find out the knowledge work system and its productivity theory and practice law .

【学位授予单位】：东华大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：G302

【引证文献】