我国食品安全危机管理

发布时间：2018-04-14 00:35

本文选题：管理 + 食品　；参考：《中国人民解放军军事医学科学院》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：国以民为本，民以食为天，食以安为先。食品是人们每日都不可缺少的，因而食品安全必定是社会最为关注的问题之一。近年来，国内媒体相继报道了大量食品安全事件，包括三鹿奶粉添加三聚氰胺、肯德基的苏丹红、雀巢奶粉的碘超标、哈根达斯的“黑作坊”事件等，均引起了社会各界的高度关注，由此引发了对我国食品安全管理机制大量的质疑和反思。其中牵涉到相关职能部门的长效监管职能、事态评估及应急反应能力、媒体监督与管控、事件责任追查、民众食品安全知识普及、与国际食品安全标准的衔接与沟通等多方面相互交叉的问题，且这些问题均须在短时间内以积极、高效、科学、负责任的方式体现出工作效果，这引发了我们对建立、完善我国食品安全危机管理体系的思考。本文的研究目的在于探讨如何提高我国食品安全危机管理能力。本文综合运用了文献调研法、分析归纳法、典型案例研究、专家咨询和现场调研等方法，以社会管理作为基础视角，从“食品安全”和“危机管理”两个概念为出发点，将管理学领域中的危机管理理念引入食品安全的长效管理和应急机制建设中。查找我国食品安全危机管理的不足，系统分析国内外食品安全危机管理的案例，总结其经验，针对我国食品安全危机管理方式中的问题提出对策建议，以进一步完善我国食品安全危机管理体系。本论文第一、二部分阐述相关概念，介绍管理学中的危机管理理论以及如何将这一理论应用到食品安全危机管理中。研究了目前我国食品安全危机管理的现状与问题，得出的主要结论包括：组织体系方面，我国已经形成从中央到地方各级的危机应对体系，但是分段监管的模式导致危机预防管理失效。工作机制建设方面，我国食品安全监测预警体系初步建成；独立的危机调查机制和食品召回体制尚未形成；风险交流越来越得到重视，但依然是薄弱环节。保障措施方面，法律法规逐步完善；从国家到地方，溯源体系建设普遍得到重视并取得了一定的成就；但我国现有食品安全标准及制定流程、食品安全检测技术都亟待加强；另外，虽然从中央到地方都制定了相应的危机应急预案，但其可操作性仍有待完善。第三部分对“三鹿奶粉事件”、“多宝鱼事件”和“瘦肉精事件”进行了回顾和分析，总结了上述食品安全危机事件应对中的经验和教训。其中“三鹿奶粉事件”暴露出政府监管缺位，监管机构分散、不协调，检验能力差和质量标准体系不健全的问题。“多宝鱼事件”的成功应对凸显了风险分析理念的重要作用，充分说明了食品安全评估必须坚持科学原则，风险管理决策要充分考虑社会和国情因素以及风险信息交流的渠道应统一，内容应通俗易懂。“瘦肉精事件”暴露出的主要问题包括食品行业“利益为先”；食品安全检测部门之间衔接不畅、检测标准不能适应目前形势、检测范围较窄、日常抽检流于形式；食品安全信息不对称；兽药使用管理不规范等问题。第四部分分析了美国的食品安全管理体系。美国的食品安全管理体系是建立在一套健全灵活的联邦和地方法律体系和食品行业依法生产安全食品的行业自律基础之上。联邦、州和地方相关部门相互配合，共同管理美国的食品安全。信息公开透明、全责明晰，注重基于风险的食品安全分析方法和预警系统建设，形成了完善的、高效的食品安全监测系统、有序的食源性疫情调查制度以及食品召回制度。面对食品安全领域不断出现的各种新的挑战，美国也对其食品安全监管体系做出重大变革国，包括重新修订了适用了七十多年的《联邦食品、药品、化妆品法》，颁布《美国食品和药品管理局食品安全现代化法》，，并成立联邦食品安全工作组作为联邦政府食品安全行动的中心协调机制，由总统直接负责。第五部分回顾分析了“美国毒菠菜事件”、“美国沙门氏菌污染花生酱事件”和“多州田纳西沙门菌感染爆发事件”。“美国毒菠菜事件”中，美国“统一管理、属地为主、分级响应”的应急预警机制为我们树立了良好的典范，同时为我们提供了降低食品安全风险及有效应对食品安全危机可供参考的策略选择，主要包括规范生产标准、鼓励地区营销机构签署营销协议、加强食品安全标准研究、完善可追溯系统、充分发挥媒体的积极作用。“美国沙门氏菌污染花生酱事件”处置则凸显了严格的食品召回制度和食品生产安全管理在食品安全危机管理中的重要作用。“多州田纳西沙门菌感染爆发事件”充分体现了PulseNet如何在美国食源性疫情的调查中发挥重要作用，因此成为近十年来美国最有效的食源性疫情监测网络。最后一部分提出了我国食品安全危机管理体系完善的对策。首先，在组织体系建设方面提出应增强食品安全协调机构的整体领导作用；扩大非政府组织在食品安全危机管理中的作用。第二，在食品安全危机管理机制建设方面，提出应建立多渠道的危机预警机制（包括实时监控国内外媒体、研究专业文献，对潜在的风险提前进行检测、利用预警系统对历史数据进行分析、找出风险变化规律、实现食品安全各管理部门间的预警信息共享、委托第三方承担检验工作、从国外限制中国进口食品清单中寻找风险来源、完善落实举报奖励制度）；提高执业人员技术、执法和道德水平；建立危机事后评估机制；切实发挥食品安全专家库的作用。最后，在保障措施建设方面，提出应加强食品安全危机的风险交流能力；建立“从农田到餐桌”全过程的全国统一的食品认证追溯体系；建立惩罚性赔偿制度严惩不法商家；完善问题食品召回程序及操作制度。
[Abstract]:In recent years , domestic media have reported a great deal of questions about food safety management mechanism , including the addition of melamine to Sanlu milk powder , the tracing of events responsibility , the popularization of people ' s food safety knowledge , the connection and communication with the international food safety standard , and the discussion on establishing and perfecting the management system of food safety crisis in China . The purpose of this paper is to explore how to improve the management ability of food safety crisis in China .

Based on the concept of " food safety " and " crisis management " , the paper comprehensively uses the methods of literature investigation , analysis and induction , typical case study , expert consultation and spot investigation , and puts forward the management idea of crisis management in the field of management to the long - term management of food safety and the construction of emergency mechanism . The article analyzes the shortage of food safety crisis management in China , analyzes the case of food safety crisis management at home and abroad , summarizes the experience and puts forward some suggestions for the problems in the management of food safety crisis in China , so as to further improve the food safety crisis management system in China .

In the first and second part of this paper , the concept of crisis management and how to apply the theory in food safety crisis management are introduced . The main conclusions are as follows : In the aspect of organizational system , China has formed crisis response system from central to local level , but the model of segment supervision has led to crisis prevention and management failure .
Independent crisis investigation mechanism and food recall system have not yet been formed ;
Risk communication is getting more and more attention , but it is still a weak link . With regard to safeguard measures , laws and regulations are gradually improved ;
From the state to the place , the construction of the traceability system has been paid much attention and some achievements have been achieved ;
However , the existing food safety standards and the development process of our country , food safety detection technology need to be strengthened ;
In addition , although the corresponding crisis emergency plan has been developed from the central to the local area , its operability is still to be improved .

The third part reviews and analyzes the " Sanlu milk powder event " , " multi - treasure fish " and " lean meat essence " , summarizes the experiences and lessons of the food safety crisis response .
The connection between the food safety inspection departments is not smooth , the detection standard cannot adapt to the current situation , the detection range is narrow , and the daily spot check flow is in the form ;
the food safety information is not symmetrical ;
The use and management of veterinary drugs is not standardized .

In the fourth part , the United States food safety management system is analyzed . The United States food safety management system is based on a sound and flexible federal and local legal system and the self - discipline of the food industry in accordance with the law . The federal , state and local authorities cooperate with each other to jointly manage the food safety in the United States . In the face of the emerging challenges in the food safety field , the United States has also made major changes to its food safety monitoring system , including the re - revision of the Food and Drug Administration Food Safety Modernization Act of the United States , and the establishment of the Federal Food Safety Working Group as the central coordinating mechanism for the Federal Government ' s food safety action , which is directly responsible for the President .

The fifth part reviews the " American poisonous spinach event " , " American salmonella pollution peanut butter event " and " multi - state Tennessee salmonella infection outbreak event " . The emergency alert mechanism of " united management , territorial main and graded response " in the United States has set a good example for us , and also provides us with the important role of reducing food safety risk and the effect on food safety crisis management .

At last , the paper puts forward the countermeasures for the improvement of the food safety crisis management system in China . First , it puts forward the overall leadership of the coordination mechanism of food safety in the aspects of organizational system construction ;
Second , in the construction of food safety crisis management mechanism , it is proposed that multi - channel crisis early warning mechanism should be established ( including real - time monitoring domestic and foreign media , research professional literature , early warning information sharing between various management departments of food safety ) , and entrusting third party to undertake inspection work .
improve that technical , law enforcement and ethical level of practitioners ;
Establish a post - crisis evaluation mechanism ;
Finally , put forward the risk communication ability to strengthen the food safety crisis in the aspects of the construction of safeguard measures ;
Establish a nationwide unified food certification traceability system from farmland to dining table ;
Establish a punitive damages system to severely punish illegal businesses ;
Perfect problem food recall procedure and operation system .

【学位授予单位】：中国人民解放军军事医学科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F203;F426.82

【参考文献】