1958-1960年间的工业“大跃进”

发布时间：2018-05-06 04:17

本文选题：工业“大跃进” + 大办工业　；参考：《南京大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：在新中国历史上,“大跃进”运动的影响全面而又深远,这一时期的工业建设具有显著不同于其他阶段的鲜明特点。1958年起,工业“大跃进”在全国范围内展开。为此,中央将权力进行下放,地方上大办工业,进行所谓“技术革命”(实则是科技浮夸),特别是“以钢为纲”工业的畸形发展,使国民经济出现了严重的失衡局面,经济陷入严重困难。此时,中央和地方采取过一系列的措施,初步纠正已经发现的“左”倾错误,并取得了一定的效果。 1959年夏召开了庐山会议,毛泽东发动批判“反右倾”运动,迅速终结了之前的调整,各地的“大跃进”以更为猛烈的劲头再次升温,致使已经困难重重的国民经济雪上加霜,1960年的经济陷入全面的危机之中,并导致了空前严重的大饥荒。“大跃进”期间瞎指挥和高指标对工业产生了极大的破坏,严重影响工业的可持续发展能力。随着经济危机的严重性日益加剧,中央领导人开始面对现实,找寻对策,迈开经济调整的步伐。1960年11月,中央《关于农村人民公社当前政策问题的紧急指示信》和八届九中全会“调整、巩固、充实、提高”八字方针提出,工业方面也颁布了《国营工业企业工作条例(草案)》(即“工业七十条”),特别是1962年初的“七千人大会”和西楼会议，，使各方领导人逐渐认清形势，纠正工作中的错误,制定进一步的经济调整措施,中国经济逐渐进入全面调整阶段,国民经济形势趋于好转。本文共分四节。第一节介绍“大跃进”发动的起因,从政治和经济两方面进行阐述,作者认为主要是由政治和经济上的“左”倾错误所致。第二节叙述工业“大跃进”发动过程,以钢产量翻番为主要指标,全民大炼钢铁,中央权力下放地方,搞经济协作区,大办工业,进行“技术革命”,事后证明了这是一场不折不扣的闹剧。第三节描述“大跃进”引发国民经济危机,特别是庐山会议后的继续“跃进”,使原本困难重重的国民经济陷入全面危机之中。在“七千人大会”和西楼会议之后,工业部门对其进行调整逐渐走出困难,但仍有很多遗留问题没有解决。第四节“大跃进”期间的工业状况作一总结,叙述几个重要工业部门的状况,并评估“大跃进”给工业带来的严重后果。本文在前人研究的基础上,针对工业“大跃进”进行深入分析,力图突破众口一词的局面,重新组织体例,详细阐释工业“大跃进”的过程及造成的严重恶果。笔者使用了一大批“大跃进”时期的刊印的小册子、宣传物、文学作品等资料,使我们能够深入地进入当时的情境,知悉高层领导人及底层的干部和群众怎样具体执行大跃进的政策。在宏观政策的基础上,加入微观的实证考察分析,或能管中窥豹,透过众民疯狂的迷雾来审视那段历史。
[Abstract]:In the history of the people's Republic of China, the influence of the Great Leap forward Movement was comprehensive and far-reaching, and the industrial construction in this period was obviously different from other stages. Since 1958, the Great Leap forward of Industry has been carried out throughout the country. For this reason, the Central Committee has decentralized power, set up large industries at the local level, and carried out so-called "technological revolutions" (in fact, scientific and technological bravado, especially the abnormal development of the "steel-oriented" industry, which has resulted in a serious imbalance in the national economy. The economy is in serious trouble. At this time, the central and local authorities have taken a series of measures to preliminarily correct the "left" errors that have been discovered, and have achieved certain results. When the Lushan Conference was held in the summer of 1959, Mao Zedong launched a critical "anti-right-leaning" movement, which quickly ended the previous adjustment, and the "Great Leap forward" around the region was once again heated with even more ferocious vigour. The already difficult national economy, which was plunged into an all-out crisis in 1960, led to an unprecedented famine. During the "Great Leap forward" period, blind command and high index caused great damage to industry, which seriously affected the sustainable development ability of industry. As the severity of the economic crisis intensifies, the central leadership has begun to face the reality and seek countermeasures to start the pace of economic readjustment. In November 1960, The Central Committee's "letter of urgent instructions on the current Policy issues of Rural people's Commune" and the "Adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement" of the Ninth Plenary session of the eighth Central Committee have been put forward in the eight-character policy. The industrial side has also promulgated the regulations on the work of State-owned Industrial Enterprises (draft) (that is, "70 articles of Industry"), especially the "7,000 National people's Congress" and the Xilou meeting in early 1962, so that leaders of all sides can gradually recognize the situation and correct mistakes in their work. With the formulation of further economic adjustment measures, China's economy has gradually entered the stage of comprehensive readjustment, and the national economic situation has tended to improve. This article is divided into four sections. The first section introduces the cause of "Great Leap forward", which is mainly caused by the "left" deviation in politics and economy. The second section describes the process of launching the "Great Leap forward" of industry, taking the doubling of steel output as the main indicator, making the whole people smelting iron and steel in a large scale, decentralizing the central authorities to localities, establishing economic cooperation areas, conducting large-scale industrial undertakings and carrying out "technological revolutions". It proved to be a complete farce after the fact. The third section describes that the "Great Leap forward" triggered the national economic crisis, especially the continued "leap forward" after the Lushan Conference, which brought the national economy into a comprehensive crisis. After the "7,000 National people's Congress" and the Xilou meeting, the industrial sector to adjust gradually out of difficulties, but there are still a lot of problems left unsolved. Section four summarizes the industrial situation during the Great Leap forward, describes the situation of several important industrial sectors, and evaluates the serious consequences of the Great Leap forward on industry. On the basis of previous studies, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the "Great Leap forward" in industry, tries to break through the situation of common words, reorganizes the style, and explains in detail the process of the "Great Leap forward" in industry and its serious consequences. The author used a large number of pamphlets, propaganda and literature published during the Great Leap forward to enable us to go deep into the situation at that time. Know how senior leaders and lower-level cadres and masses implement the Great Leap forward policy. On the basis of macro policy, it may be possible to examine the history through the crazy fog of the masses by adding the microscopic empirical analysis.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F429

【参考文献】