黄土高原地区造林补贴标准研究

发布时间：2018-06-19 22:11

本文选题：造林补贴 + 自愿环境协议　；参考：《西北农林科技大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：从世界各国的林业实践来看，补贴制度的实施有着重要的意义，降低林农经营风险、提高林农投资水平、改善生态环境等，因此实施补贴成为各国政府常用的扶持林业的政策工具之一。鉴于国内外关于林业补贴标准的研究，不仅涉及到区域的差别，如热带雨林区、温带林区及草原等，而且还涉及到不同立地类型的造林，如山地造林、丘陵造林、平原造林等，以及造林类型，如用材林、防护林、经济林、生态林等，所以即使这些研究采用相同的研究方法所得出的结论也各不相同，甚至有些结论存在明显的矛盾与冲突。除此之外，已有的研究还有一个共性，就是没有考虑到树种的差异对造林补贴的影响。在实践中，由于补贴标准制定不科学而导致了政策效率低且执行成本高，最终影响林业生态工程的实施及其可持续发展，因此，研究合理的造林补贴标准，使其既符合政府追求的社会利益，也能兼顾林农的经济利益，从而提高造林项目的效率、降低项目执行成本，是一个非常值得研究的问题。在中国，多数的林业补偿标准是由政府制定的，然后在补贴政策试点过程中，结合农户的诉求慢慢地调整补贴标准以优化补贴政策，这样就会大大降低补贴的效率，为了提高补贴的效率和效果，本研究引入自愿环境协议方法，在充分考虑受偿者及政府意愿的前提下，确定合理可行的造林补贴标准。本研究的具体研究思路如下：从农户角度出发，政府给予的造林补贴标准要高于农户自己可以接受的底线（即通过机会成本法和受偿意愿法权衡得出的造林补贴标准）；从政府角度出发，其愿意支付的造林补贴标准最高额度是造林所实现的生态效益价值；在充分考虑两者补贴诉求的前提下，本研究构建了基于自愿环境协议框架的政府—农户协商模型，来确定合理造林补贴标准，并以黄土高原地区典型区域为例展开实证研究。基于此研究思路，本研究采用机会成本、受偿者意愿、碳吸存效益内部化、自愿环境协议等方法，以边际农地上造林为研究对象，展开对实现碳吸存效益的造林项目补贴标准的研究，以期建立一套行之有效的合理补贴标准的核算方法，为建立和优化造林补贴政策提供理论支撑，同时也为森林生态效益补偿研究建立新的研究框架。首先，本研究分别利用机会成本和受偿意愿方法，分析基于农户视角的造林补贴标准，以此作为自愿环境协议中林农接受补贴的底限。对于农户进行农地造林而言，农户会选择造林的机会成本，是林农选择继续农地经营、转变为牧地经营或者直接撂荒等几种用途中收益最大用途所带来的收益。所以，如果政府想激励农户进行造林，其给予的补贴就必须保证农户选择造林所是所有土地用途中收益最大的，通过该思路得到的应该是比较客观的衡量林农可以接受的最低补贴。为了从主观上得到农户愿意接受的补贴标准，本研究还设计了农户受偿意愿调查问卷，以便获取农户主观上能够接受的最低补贴。最后，还对机会成本和受偿意愿得到的结果进行了对比分析，因为考虑到受偿意愿具有主观性，且农户容易高估其受偿意愿，这里基于农户视角的造林补贴标准以机会成本作为基准。通过实证分析，在私人轮伐期内，如果期望农户参与造林项目，需要给予的补贴标准为2405元/公顷/年，为了使农户将私人轮伐期延长至社会最优轮伐期，农户的造林补贴诉求净现值为39226.16元。其次，将森林的碳吸存效益价值化，分析基于政府视角的造林补贴标准，并以此标准作为自愿环境协议中，政府愿意支付补贴的最高限。借鉴国内已有的研究成果，尤其是关于沙棘生长的相关信息，将沙棘林的固碳量进行价值化，得到实现碳吸存效益的最大化时的补贴标准净现值为39591.40元（2174元/公顷/年，共计34年），即为政府愿意支付的最高补贴标准。最后，基于林农和政府视角的造林补贴标准，确定自愿环境协议下的最优造林补贴标准。将当前环境管制方式中具有优势的自愿环境协议引入到造林补贴标准的确定中，这是本研究的一个创新点，这样确定的造林补贴标准，充分体现了协议双方的诉求及其意愿。在社会最优轮伐期内，测算得到农户在34年内的补贴诉求净现值为39226.16元，而政府的补贴净现值为39591.40元，由于前者小于后者，因此关于造林补贴的自愿环境协议可达成。在信息透明的前提下，充分考虑林农和政府的诉求，经过双方协商，最终将造林补贴补贴净现值确定为双方的平均值即39408.78元，而具体的补贴方案为，1-21年按照农户的需求给予补贴2405元/公顷/年，而从22年至34年继续给予补贴1294元/公顷/年。按这样的补贴标准和补贴年限，可以保证农户不仅在21年内不采伐，甚至在21年至34年间仍然不采伐，最终可以保证造林项目政策目标的实现。该研究可以作为黄土高原地区种植沙棘，所实现碳吸存效益的造林补贴标准。本研究将自愿环境协议纳入造林项目中，为造林补贴标准的确定提供了新的思路，这是研究的理论价值。该研究思路不仅仅考虑了政府的支付额度，而且更顾及到了造林主体的补偿诉求，由此确定的造林补贴标准更具有现实意义。但是不可忽视的是，尽管自愿环境协议具有自身无法超越的优点，但是该方法也具有其自身的局限性。因此，，建议政府在进行造林政策时需要做好前期的宣传教育工作，并且谨慎地对待造林补贴标准的确定，以保证造林实现碳吸存效益的生态目标。
[Abstract]:According to the practice of forestry in all countries of the world, the implementation of the subsidy system is of great significance, reducing the risk of forest farming, raising the investment level of the forest farmers and improving the ecological environment. Therefore, the implementation of subsidies has become one of the policy tools used by various governments to support forestry. In view of the research on the standard of forestry subsidies at home and abroad, it not only involves the area of the region. The differences in the region, such as the tropical rain forest area, temperate forest area and grassland, and the afforestation of different site types, such as mountain afforestation, hilly afforestation, plain afforestation, and afforestation types, such as timber forests, forest shelterbelts, economic forests, ecological forests, etc., have different conclusions from the same research methods. Even some conclusions have obvious contradictions and conflicts. In addition, there is a commonality in the existing research, that is, the effect of tree species differences on afforestation subsidies is not taken into account. In practice, the policy efficiency is low and the cost of execution is high due to the unscientific formulation of the subsidy standards, which ultimately affects the implementation of the forestry ecological engineering and its feasibility. Therefore, it is a very worthwhile problem to study the reasonable afforestation subsidy standard so that it can not only accord with the social interests pursued by the government, but also take into account the economic interests of the forest farmers, thus improving the efficiency of the afforestation project and reducing the cost of the project execution. In order to improve the efficiency of the subsidy, in order to improve the efficiency and effect of the subsidy, the voluntary environmental agreement method is introduced in this study to determine the reasonable and feasible afforestation subsidy in order to improve the efficiency and effect of the subsidy. The specific research ideas of this study are as follows: from the point of view of farmers, the standard of afforestation subsidies given by the government is higher than that of the farmer's own acceptable bottom line (that is, the afforestation subsidy standard by the opportunity cost method and the paid will law); from the point of view of the government, the highest standard of afforestation allowance is to be made by the government. The ecological benefit value of the forest is realized. Under the premise of considering the demand of the two subsidies fully, this study constructs a government peasant household negotiation model based on the framework of voluntary environmental agreement to determine the standard of reasonable afforestation subsidy, and takes the typical region of the Loess Plateau as an example to carry out an empirical study.
Based on this research idea, this research adopts the method of opportunity cost, the will of the paid person, the internalization of carbon storage efficiency and the voluntary environmental agreement. The research on the subsidy standard of afforestation project for the benefit of carbon sequestration is carried out by the research on the afforestation of marginal farmland, in order to establish a set of effective and reasonable standard of subsidy for construction. It provides theoretical support for establishing and optimizing afforestation subsidy policy, and establishes a new research framework for forest ecological compensation research.
First of all, this study uses the opportunity cost and the method of willingness to pay to analyze the afforestation subsidy standard based on the farmer's perspective, which is the limit of the subsidy for the farmers in the voluntary environmental agreement. For the farm land afforestation, the farmers choose the opportunity cost of afforestation. It is the farmers who choose to continue the farming land management and change into land management. If the government wants to encourage farmers to make afforestation, the subsidies given by the government must ensure that the farmers choose to choose afforestation is the most profitable in all land uses. In order to obtain the subsidy standards that farmers are willing to accept subjectively, this study also designed a questionnaire for farmers' willingness to receive compensation in order to obtain farmers' subjective acceptable minimum subsidies. Finally, the results of the opportunity cost and the willingness to be paid were compared, because the willingness of the farmers was subjective and the farmers were concerned. It is easy to overestimate the willingness to be paid, and the afforestation subsidy standard based on the farmer's perspective is based on the opportunity cost. Through the empirical analysis, the subsidy standard is 2405 yuan per hectare per hectare per year if the farmers are expected to participate in the afforestation project during the private rotation period, so that farmers will extend the period of private rotation to the optimal period of social rotation. The net present value of afforestation subsidy is 39226.16 yuan.
Secondly, the value of forest carbon sequestration benefit is valued, and the standard of afforestation subsidy based on government perspective is analyzed. As a voluntary environmental agreement, the government is willing to pay the highest limit of the subsidy. The maximum net present value of subsidy standard is 39591.40 yuan (2174 yuan / HA / year, 34 years), which is the highest subsidy standard that the government is willing to pay.
Finally, based on the afforestation subsidy standards of the forest farm and the government, the optimal afforestation subsidy standard under the voluntary environmental agreement is determined. The voluntary environmental agreement with the advantage in the current environmental control mode is introduced to the determination of the afforestation subsidy standard. This is an innovation point of this study, which is fully reflected in the standard of afforestation subsidy. In the period of social optimal rotation, the net present value of subsidies for farmers in 34 years is estimated to be 39226.16 yuan, while the net present value of the government's subsidy is 39591.40 yuan, because the former is less than the latter, so the voluntary environmental agreement on afforestation subsidies can be reached. Under the premise of transparency of information, the forest farmers are fully considered. Through consultation with the government, the net present value of afforestation subsidy subsidy is determined as the average value of 39408.78 yuan, while the specific subsidy scheme is to grant subsidies of 2405 yuan per hectare per hectare per year in accordance with the needs of farmers in 1-21 years and subsidies of 1294 yuan / HA / year from 22 to 34 years, according to such subsidies and subsidy years, It can be guaranteed that farmers not only do not cut down in 21 years, even from 21 to 34 years, but still can ensure the realization of the policy goal of afforestation project. This study can be used as the afforestation subsidy standard for planting seabuckthorn in the Loess Plateau and achieving the benefit of carbon storage.
This research provides a new idea for the establishment of afforestation subsidy standards, which is the theoretical value of the study. This research thought not only takes into account the amount of government payment, but also takes into account the compensation demands of the afforestation subject, and the afforestation subsidy standard is more practical. It is not to be ignored that, although the voluntary environmental agreement has its own advantages that can not be transcended, the method also has its own limitations. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should do a good job of prophase propaganda and education in the policy of afforestation, and cautiously treat the standard of afforestation subsidy to ensure the growth of afforestation to achieve carbon sequestration. State target.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F326.12;F812.8

【参考文献】