转型期国家治理与宪法学的应对

发布时间：2018-02-12 02:16

  本文关键词： 转型期 国家治理危机 国家治理体系 国家治理能力 国家认同　出处：《中南财经政法大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：自1840年卷入现代化潮流以来,中国不可逆转地处于转型的过程之中。一百多年来中国的革命和建设不断推进中国的现代化进程,但惟有改革开放之以后,随着国家治理基本方略的转向,中国国家的现代化建设才真正开始飞速发展。三十多年的改革,中国的政治、经济、文化、社会等领域均呈现出欣欣向荣的现代化面貌。但是,我们仍然处于社会转型的大时代,转型也构成了中国国家治理的时代背景。针对改革和转型中的突出问题,党的十八届三中全会高瞻远瞩地提出了全面深化改革实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的目标。这不仅意味着改革的持续推进,也意味着中国的现代化的转型已经到了一个促进质的飞跃的端口。能否实现国家治理的现代化决定了中国能否整体性地建成一个社会主义现代化国家,也决定了中国共产党领导下的中国人民能否实现一百多年来的中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。本文以转型期中国的国家治理为研究对象,试图从宪法学的视角对当前中国国家治理面临的问题展开研究。宪法作为法治体系的核心,作为国家制度文明的承载者,面对国家治理现代化提出的要求,理应充分发挥其根本法的地位与作用促进国家治理的现代化。如何在宪法理论和现行宪法制度框架内解释并推动国家治理现代化是中国宪法学应当作出的智识贡献。本文作为将国家治理作为宪法命题加以研究的尝试之作,国家治理如何构成一个宪法学命题?当前中国国家治理存在的问题是什么?宪法学如何推进中国国家治理现代化?在国家治理现代化的建设过程中宪法学又将迎来怎样的机遇与挑战?这些构成了本文所试图解决的核心问题。本文的导论部分论证了国家治理现代化如何构成一个宪法学问题,并通过对既有研究的回顾,指出既有的国家治理研究的成就与不足,进而提出本文的研究思路、研究方法和可能的创新点。第一章是本文的总论部分,其目标主要是奠定本文的整体框架和结构。该部分先是从社会转型的时代背景出发,指出国家治理包含了国家治理的有效性与国家治理的合法性这两个层面的任务。通过经验材料的梳理和归纳,本文指出了转型期中国国家治理在这两个层面均面临危机。而要解决转型期国家治理的有效性危机和合法性危机,需要完成三项任务:国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化以及国家认同的现代化重铸。其中,国家治理体系和治理能力现代化主要针对的问题是国家治理的有效性危机,而国家认同主要应对的是国家治理的合法性危机。国家治理体系、国家治理能力和国家认同也构成了本文的基本框架。与此相对应,本文从宪法学的视角提出三种不同的应对策略——将宪法作为权力和资源分配结构、将宪法作为治理思维和治理方法、将宪法作为国家认同纽带,以及由此发展出来的三种不同的宪法理论,由此来推动国家治理体系的现代化、国家治理能力的现代化和国家认同的现代化转型。第二章针对的问题是如何从宪法学的视角推进国家治理体系的现代化。如何打造有效政府和法治政府,而不是为了治理的有效性一味地牺牲现行宪法所确立的法治框架,是推进国家治理体系现代化的基本立场。当前我国国家治理体系面临的种种问题,可以从实际建立和运行的治理体系未完全遵循宪法确立权力和资源分配结构中找到部分答案。因而要完成中国国家治理体系的结构优化,首先要回归现行宪法确立的治理体系之中。当然,以现行宪法约束国家治理体系仅仅是治理体系现代化中的法治化要求。对于如何提升国家治理体系的有效性,本章提出了“宪法分权”的概念,试图通过宪法分权来激活各类宪法主体的活力,从而提升治理体系的有效性。宪法分权是法治分权的一种特殊形式,具体是指各类宪法主体凭借宪法的授权而取得相应的宪法权力和宪法地位,从而拥有与其他宪法主体相对抗的自主领域。宪法分权理论能够强化国家治理体系各项制度之间的制度间隔,为各项治理体系找回自主空间,从而起到激活其治理主体地位的功能。用宪法分权理论改善国家治理体系具体包括三项内容:一是央地分权,以此优化国家治理的纵向结构;二是横向分权,以国务院行政分权为例优化国家治理的横向结构;三是社会分权,寻找在宪法框架内赋予社会组织一定的自治权利,从而形成政府与社会的协同治理。第三章针对的问题是如何从宪法学的视角实现国家治理能力的现代化。国家治理能力概念汲取了西方国家能力概念的内涵,但又对其进行了必要的情景化改造。简单来说,国家治理能力是指政府、社会组织、公民等各类治理主体为实现国家治理现代化目标所具备的基本素质与业务能力。既然能力是人意志和力量的体现,是人为实现特定的目标所具备的主客观条件。据此,国家治理能力的内容又可划分为作为主观条件的治理思维以及作为客观条件的治理方法。再根据国家治理结构中政府与公民的地位差异,将国家治理能力划分为政府能力和公民能力。由此将国家治理能力问题转化为政府治理能力和公民能力两个子问题。其中,政府治理能力又可进一步划分为政府治理思维和政府治理方式,公民能力划分为公民意识和公民行动。这也构成了国家治理能力的理论框架。对于如何提升政府治理能力和公民能力,本文提出了宪法作为一种思维和方法来解决国家治理能力的现代化问题。所谓宪法思维和宪法方法就是运用宪法思考并解决现实问题的方式。具体来说,宪法思维和宪法方式包括了权利思维与权利方式、法治思维与法治方式、民主思维与民主方式以及系统思维和系统方法四项基本内容。在国家治理过程中,坚持宪法思维和宪法方法的四项内容能够提升治理能力,改善治理绩效。第四章试图解决的问题是怎么样用宪法重铸国家认同。国家治理不仅应当关注国家治理的有效性的问题,而且应重视国家治理的合法性问题。国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化所针对的主要是有效性问题。尽管治理体系和治理能力的提升也能够强化国家治理的合法性,但治理体系和治理能力的现代化所能够解决的仅仅是“治理”的合法性问题,而“国家”的合法性问题尚未纳入中国国家治理现代化的战略部署中来。“国家”的合法性即国家认同,是指政治共同体成员对共同体的一种想象和心理依附,集中体现了个体与共同体的内在关联。国家认同危机作为一种全球性的治理危机,世界各国均在不同程度上受到它的困扰。转型期中国同样也面临着一定程度的认同危机,当前的港台问题、西部边疆问题、国际移民问题和意识形态领域的问题等即是明证。本章指出,诱发认同危机的根本原因在于:转型过程中支撑中国国家认同的诸要素在社会转型过程中逐渐消散,而国家没有及时有效地提出替代性的认同纽带来重塑国家认同,从而造就认同真空,诱发认同危机。对此,需要以宪法作为新的国家认同纽带,用宪法爱国主义作为理论指导,重铸国家认同。具体的方法包括:(1)理想塑造认同,即用宪法中确立的共同政治理想——“富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家”,塑造国家;(2)利益塑造认同,即通过人权保障和民主制度凝聚人心,强化国家的向心力;(3)象征塑造认同,即以宪法日和宪法宣誓制度的建立为契机,推动宪法的国家象征化,增进国家认同。
[Abstract]:Since 1840 involved in the trend of modernization, Chinese irreversible transformation. More than 100 years of revolution and construction Chinese advancing China modernization process, but only after the reform and opening up, with the turn of the basic strategy of national governance, Chinese national modernization began rapid development. Thirty years of reform, the China the political, economic, cultural, social and other fields are showing a thriving modern look. However, we are still in the era of social transformation, the transformation also constitutes a Chinese national governance background. Aiming at the problems of reform and transition in the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the party put forward the deepening reform of the overall look far ahead from a high plane to achieve national governance systems and governance the ability of the goal of modernization. This means not only continue to promote reform, also means that the modern Chinese turn Type has reached a qualitative leap to promote port. The realization of the modernization of national governance determines whether the overall Chinese to build a modern socialist country, also determines the Chinese under the leadership of the Communist Party China people can achieve more than 100 years of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream. The transition period China China country governance as the research object, attempts to study Chinese governance problems from the constitutional perspective. The constitution as the core of the rule of law system, as the bearer of national system of civilization, in the face of national governance modernization requirements, should give full play to the status and role of the basic law and promote the modernization of national governance and how to explain. To promote the modernization of national governance is Chinese constitutional law should make intellectual contribution in constitutional theory and constitutional system within the framework of this paper. For countries will try to study the constitution of governance as a proposition for national governance, how to constitute a constitutional proposition? What is Chinese governance problems of constitutional law? How to promote the modernization of national governance Chinese? In the process of the construction of the modernization of national governance in constitutional law will usher in opportunities and challenges how these constitute? This paper tries to solve the core problem. The introduction of this article demonstrates the modernization of national governance, how to constitute a constitutional law, and through the review of existing research, pointed out that the existing national governance research achievements and shortcomings, and then put forward the research ideas, research methods and possible innovations. The first chapter is the introduction part of this paper, the main goal is to establish the overall framework of this article. The first part of the social transformation era background, pointed out that the national governance package These two aspects of validity and legality of national governance with the task of national governance. Through combing and summarizing experience of materials, this paper points out that the transition period China national governance in these two aspects are facing a crisis. In order to solve the crisis of transition of national governance and legitimacy crisis, needs to be done three tasks: the national governance system and governance capacity modernization and the modernization of national identity recasting. Among them, national governance systems and governance capacity modernization main problem is the crisis of national governance effectiveness, and national identity is mainly to deal with the crisis of legitimacy of national governance. The national governance system, governance ability and national identity also constitute the basic framework of this paper. Correspondingly, this paper puts forward three different coping strategies -- the constitution as the power and resource allocation from the perspective of constitutional law. The structure, constitution as governance thinking and management methods, the constitution as the national identity and the development of ties, out of three different constitutional theory, thus to promote the modernization of national governance systems, modernization of national governance capacity and modernization of national identity. In the second chapter, the problem is how to promote the modernization of national governance systems from the perspective of constitutional law. How to build effective government and legal government, not to blindly sacrifice the effectiveness of the current constitution of governance established by the framework of the rule of law, is the basic standpoint of promoting national governance systems modernization. The current problems of our national governance system is facing, from the actual establishment and operation management system not fully follow the constitution find some answers for the allocation of resources and power structure. Thus to complete the structural optimization Chinese national governance system, first To return to the current constitution established the governance system. Of course, the constraint on the current constitution of national governance system is just for the modernization of governance systems in the rule of law. For how to improve the effectiveness of national governance system, this chapter puts forward the concept of "constitutional decentralization", trying to pass constitutional decentralization to activate various constitutional subjects vitality. In order to enhance the effectiveness of the governance system. The constitutional decentralization is a special form of legal decentralization, specifically refers to all kinds of subject of constitution by virtue of the authority of the Constitution and obtain the corresponding constitutional rights and constitutional status, which has independent fields and other relative subject of constitution. The constitution of anti decentralization theory system between strengthening the national governance system of the system the find space for the independent management system, so as to activate the main part of governance function. Improve the state constitutional decentralization theory The system includes three contents: one is central to the decentralization, the vertical structure in order to optimize the national governance; two is the horizontal decentralization, the State Council administrative decentralization is the horizontal structure optimization of national governance; three is the social decentralization, looking at social organization within the framework of the constitution to give certain autonomy rights, thus forming the collaborative governance of the government and in the third chapter of the society. The problem is how to realize the modernization of national governance capacity from the constitutional perspective. The concept of national governance ability from the connotation of the concept of western countries ability, but also has carried on the scene transformation necessary. In simple terms, national governance refers to the ability of the government, social organizations, citizens etc. the main governance to achieve national governance modernization basic quality and professional ability. Since the reflected ability is the will and strength, is the man to achieve specific goals with The subjective and objective conditions. Accordingly, national governance capacity and the content can be divided into the subjective conditions of governance thinking and method of governance as the objective conditions. Then according to the government and the citizens of the state governance status differences, ability of governance for the division of the government ability and citizen ability. Thus the problem is transformed into a national governance capacity government governance ability and the ability of two sub citizens. Among them, the government governance capacity can be further divided into government governance thinking and the way of governance, civil capacity into civic awareness and action. It also constitutes the theoretical framework of national governance capacity. How to enhance the governance capacity and civil capacity, is proposed as the constitution a kind of thinking and methods to solve the country's governance capacity modernization. The Constitution and constitutional thinking method is the use of constitutional thinking and Solutions Solve the realistic problem. Specifically, the Constitution and the constitutional thinking way including right thinking and right way of thinking of the rule of law and the rule of law, the four basic contents of democratic thought and democratic way and system thinking and system method. In the process of governance, the contents of four adhere to the constitutional thinking and the constitutional method to enhance the governance capacity and improve the governance performance. The fourth chapter tries to solve the problem is how to use the constitution to recast national identity. The effectiveness of national governance should not only focus on the governance of the state, but also should pay attention to the legitimacy of national governance. The national governance system and governance capacity modernization is mainly aimed at the validity problem. Although the system of governance and governance to enhance the ability of legitimacy can also strengthen the governance of the state, but the modern system of governance and management capabilities that can be solved only "governance The legitimacy problem ", and" the legitimacy of the state "has not been included in the strategic plan of modernization of the country governance in China." the legitimacy of the state "that the national identity refers to the political community members of the community is a kind of imagination and psychological dependence, embodies the internal relationship between the individual and the community. National identity crisis as a kind of global governance crisis, all the countries in the world are troubled by it in different extent. Chinese transition is also facing a crisis of identity to a certain extent, our current problems, the western frontier, international immigration and ideology problems is the proof. This chapter pointed out that the fundamental reason is that induced identity crisis: supporting Chinese national identity elements in the process of social transformation gradually dissipated during the transition period, while the state failed to timely and effectively put forward alternative identity link To reshape the national identity, thus creating identity vacuum, induced identity crisis. In this regard, need to take the constitution as the new national identity link with constitutional patriotism as the guiding theory, recasting national identity. The specific methods include: (1) the ideal shape identity, with the common political ideal constitution established "prosperity, democracy and civilized socialist country", shaping the national interests; (2) shaping identity, through the protection of human rights and democracy to strengthen the national cohesion, centripetal force; (3) the symbol shaping identity, namely by the Constitution and the constitution of the establishment of the system as an opportunity to promote the Constitution of the national symbol, enhance national identity.

【学位授予单位】：中南财经政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D630;D921
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本文编号：1504556