民间组织登记制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-21 16:46

本文选题：民间组织 + 结社权　；参考：《吉林大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：民间组织是一个承载公民结社权、社会治理、公共服务等众多内容的综合性命题。市场经济体制改革和政治体制改革的不断深化，在逐渐唤起“公民意识”的同时，也让中国当下的民间组织重新定位自身的社会价值。通过《社会团体登记管理条例》、《民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例》、《基金会管理条例》三部行政法规建立起来的民间组织登记制度，让政府在登记程序、登记条件、限制性条件、法律后果等方面对民间组织采取严苛的管控措施。从结社权理论分析，我国民间组织登记制度明显“重结社限制、轻结社自由”，难以满足公民结社需求；从行政许可的角度分析，我国民间组织登记制度中的政府行政行为不加区分地一概定位为行政许可不仅提高了民间组织的准入门槛，还会浪费行政资源、影响行政效率；从法人理论分析，我国民间组织登记制度迫使社会团体必须登记为法人组织的做法缺乏实际需要，造成大量非法人型民间组织面临合法性危机。总体来说，当前民间组织登记制度所产生的社会问题，可以从公民、民间组织、政府三个角度分析。从公民角度看，该制度影响公民结社自由的行使；从民间组织的角度看，该制度影响民间组织服务能力的提高和多元化的发展；从政府角度看，该制度浪费大量的行政成本，不利于有限型、服务型、责任型政府的构建。可以说，这种以“双重管理”为核心的民间组织登记制度正处于历史的十字路口，改革成为必然趋势。例如，深圳市对工商经济类、社会福利类、公益慈善类等特殊类型的社会组织登记，取消了业务主管单位的批准登记环节，申请人均可直接向社会组织登记管理机关申请登记。这一做法也得到了来自执政党政策方面的积极肯定。2012年召开的中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会中提到：“限期实现行业协会商会与行政机关真正脱钩，重点培育和优先发展行业协会类、科技类、公益慈善类、城乡社区服务类社会组织，成立时直接依法申请登记。” 政府对民间组织“收”与“缩”力度的把握，不仅决定了公民结社自由的行使空间和民间组织参与社会服务的路径选择，还在很大程度上考验政府对创新社会治理方式的驾驭能力以及对社会力量的包容程度。在借鉴国内外实践经验的基础上，笔者从理念更新和立法完善两个方面提出了对我国民间组织登记制度改革的建议。在理念方面，应该科学认识结社权，理顺政府与民间组织的关系；在立法方面，，制定一部综合性的《民间组织法》或者《结社法》成为当务之急。新立法应该考虑重申宪法规定的公民结社权、对民间组织分类管理、合理划分政府职能以及界定行政行为的性质、肯定同类型民间组织之间的合理竞争、完善民间组织登记制度的财税配套措施等问题。
[Abstract]:The civil organization is a comprehensive proposition that carries the citizen's right of association, social governance, public service and so on. With the deepening of the reform of the market economy system and the political system, the citizen consciousness has been aroused gradually, and at the same time, the civil organizations in China have been repositioned their own social value. Through the "regulations on the Administration of the Registration of Social organizations", the "interim regulations on the Registration and Administration of Non-enterprise Units run by the people" and the "regulations on the Administration of foundations", the registration system of non-governmental organizations has been established by the three administrative regulations, so that the government can make registration procedures and registration conditions. Restrictive conditions, legal consequences and other aspects of civil society to take strict control measures. From the theoretical analysis of the right of association, the registration system of civil organizations in our country is obviously "emphasizing the restrictions on association and neglecting the freedom of association", so it is difficult to meet the needs of citizens' association. The government administrative behavior in the registration system of civil organizations in our country is defined as administrative license which not only raises the entry threshold of civil organizations, but also wastes administrative resources and affects administrative efficiency. The registration system of civil organizations in our country compels social organizations to register as legal persons, which is lack of practical need, and causes a large number of non-legal organizations to face a crisis of legitimacy. In general, the social problems arising from the current civil organization registration system can be analyzed from three angles: citizen, civil organization and government. From the perspective of citizens, the system affects the exercise of citizens' freedom of association; from the perspective of civil organizations, it affects the improvement of their service capacity and the development of diversity; from the perspective of the Government, the system wastes a great deal of administrative costs. It is unfavorable to the construction of limited, service and responsible government. It can be said that this civil organization registration system with dual management as the core is at the crossroads of history, and reform has become an inevitable trend. For example, Shenzhen city registers special types of social organizations such as industrial and commercial economy, social welfare, public welfare, and so on, cancels the approval registration link of business competent units, and applicants can directly apply for registration to social organization registration authorities. This practice has also been positively affirmed by the ruling party's policy. In the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, held in 2012, it was mentioned that "the time limit has been achieved for the Chamber of Commerce of Trade Associations to truly decouple from the administrative organs." Focus on cultivating and giving priority to the development of trade associations, science and technology, public welfare and charity, urban and rural community service social organizations, when established, directly apply for registration in accordance with the law. " The government's grasp of the strength of "collecting" and "shrinking" of civil organizations not only determines the exercise of freedom of association of citizens and the choice of path for civil organizations to participate in social services. It also tests the government's ability to manage innovative social governance and its tolerance to social forces. On the basis of drawing lessons from domestic and foreign practical experience, the author puts forward some suggestions on the reform of civil organization registration system in China from the aspects of concept renewal and legislative perfection. In the aspect of ideas, we should understand the right of association scientifically and straighten out the relationship between government and civil organizations, and in the aspect of legislation, it is urgent to formulate a comprehensive "Civil Organization Law" or "Association Law". The new legislation should consider reaffirming citizens' right of association as stipulated in the Constitution, classifying civil organizations, rationally dividing government functions and defining the nature of administrative acts, and affirming reasonable competition among civil society organizations of the same type. Improve the civil organization registration system of the fiscal and tax supporting measures and other issues.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D632.9

【参考文献】