特别重大自然灾害救助的灾种差异性研究——基于汶川地震和西南特大连旱的分析

发布时间：2018-08-08 19:55

【摘要】：灾害救助是综合灾害风险防范体系的重要组成部分,与常规灾害救助不同,特别重大自然灾害救助受灾害类型的影响更大。以汶川地震、西南特大连旱为案例分析发现,这两种特大灾害救助在下列几方面存在异同:(1)救助物资需求方面,突发性特大灾害救助存在瞬时物资需求峰值及恢复重建物资长期需求2个时间节点,而渐发性灾害救助主要是中长期物资需求;(2)救助对象多样性方面,突发性特大灾害承灾体类型的多样性导致救助对象多元化明显,而渐发性灾害救助对象往往集中于某一特定领域及其衍生的部分领域,多元化相对较低;(3)灾后救助方面,突发性特大灾害更需要统筹各类救助政策或措施,甚至创新性地提出一批新的政策来确保长期救助的有效性;(4)灾害领域热点概念——弹性、脆弱性、恢复性等相关理论可对上述3个异同点进行较好地解释。研究成果可为丰富灾害救助理论、完善特别重大自然灾害救助制度提供理论依据。
[Abstract]:Disaster relief is an important part of comprehensive disaster risk prevention system, which is different from conventional disaster relief, especially the major natural disaster relief is more affected by disaster types. Taking the Wenchuan earthquake and the drought in Dalian, southwest China as a case study, it is found that there are similarities and differences in the following aspects of these two major disasters: (1) the demand for relief materials, There are two time nodes in sudden and severe disaster relief: the peak of instantaneous material demand and the long-term demand of restoration and reconstruction materials, while the gradual disaster relief is mainly medium and long term material needs; (2) the diversity of relief objects, The diversity of disaster bearing bodies of sudden and severe disasters leads to the diversification of relief objects, while the gradual disaster relief objects tend to focus on a specific field and some areas derived from them, and the diversification is relatively low; (3) Post-disaster relief, Sudden and catastrophic disasters need to coordinate all kinds of rescue policies or measures, and even creatively put forward a number of new policies to ensure the effectiveness of long-term relief; (4) the hot topic concept in the disaster field-resilience, vulnerability, The three similarities and differences mentioned above can be well explained by relevant theories such as recovery. The research results can provide theoretical basis for enriching the theory of disaster relief and perfecting the relief system of especially serious natural disasters.
【作者单位】：民政部国家减灾中心;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金项目(41201553)~~
【分类号】：D632.5

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