当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育研究

发布时间：2018-01-13 22:00

本文关键词：当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育研究　出处：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：俄国革命家、哲学家、批判家尼·车尔尼雪夫斯基曾说过:"一个人的历史意义是由其对祖国的贡献来衡量的,而优秀的本质是由是否具有深厚爱国主义情怀来衡量的"。作为俄罗斯传统文化重要组成部分,当代俄罗斯爱国主义集中体现为"一种社会情感"、"一种行为准则"、"一种大国情怀"和"一种价值导向",这既是对"第三罗马"思想、"祖国之子"思想的继承发展,同时也从中折射出俄国知识分子和革命导师列宁等人关于爱国主义本质的思想认识。在当代俄罗斯社会,爱国主义被赋予了神圣的国家使命,成为俄罗斯在国家治理层面合法开展价值观整合,维护俄式民主化道路,引领社会稳定发展的重要思想武器。正如普京所言,"我们找不到像苏联所选择的那样的东西。我认为,我们没必要向遥远的过去寻找这种东西,如果有一种能代替过去不错做法的东西,那就是全俄爱国主义"①。爱国主义是爱国情感的理性自觉,而爱国主义教育是促进个体掌握和获得此种理性自觉的必要途径。回视俄罗斯教育历程,爱国主义教育以其特有的价值规定和教育功能占据了重要的篇幅,是各个时期俄罗斯教育领域不可撼动的组成部分。特别在苏联时期,爱国主义教育高度服务于国家意识形态建设,滋养着苏联人民的社会生活,其传递的思想理念影响着一代代苏维埃人民的精神世界。时至今日,虽然国家体制已经发生变革,社会结构也已发生转型,但爱国主义教育所具有的强大思想力量和精神指向仍然焕发着极强的生命力和时代感。在今日俄罗斯,爱国主义教育所追求的价值观念是容纳社会多样价值观、多种政治思想和多元文化的最大公约数。在新的历史阶段,俄罗斯选择以爱国主义教育带动俄罗斯现代德育体系的全面复兴,并以爱国主义教育的强势回归作为国家发展和民族振兴的重要突破口,符合俄罗斯重建"社会统一的价值观和思想倾向"的道路选择,是俄罗斯追求"历史同脉性"、"民族继承性"和"文化兼容性"融合式发展道路的战略决策。我国与俄罗斯在历史上有着相似的教育背景,虽然在"特殊时期"经历过学术交流停滞,但正如朱小蔓教授曾经说过:"如果秉持多元的文化认同观和科学客观的态度,我们就不能、也不应该遗忘俄罗斯"②。当前,中俄两国都处于社会转型期,在青少年的教育问题上有很多相似的地方,俄罗斯近些年在爱国主义教育领域所进行的探索与建设,所形成的理念与方法,是能够与我国教育现代化发展、思想政治教育理论建设和实践发展以及我国青少年爱国主义教育进行对话和交流的。基于上述认识,本研究坚持马克思主义基本立场、观点与方法,坚持理论与实际相结合的基本原则,从比较思想政治教育学科视角对当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育进行较为客观、系统的分析与研究,力图解决两个层面的基本问题:在理论层面,追溯俄罗斯爱国主义的历史文化根源,辨析"俄罗斯新思想"与当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育的内在关系,深入剖析俄罗斯爱国主义及爱国主义教育的当代价值,破解论文研究的基本理论问题;在实践层面,全景式、整体式呈现当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育,对其现实经验与局限性进行客观分析,并在此基础上积极凝练我国在爱国主义教育领域应当给予的现实回应。正文总共包括五章。第一章主要研究俄罗斯爱国主义教育的当代释义,集中破解论文研究的基本理论问题。一方面,重点阐释当代俄罗斯爱国主义的基本内涵,并对作为俄罗斯爱国主义思想溯源的"第三罗马思想"、"祖国之子思想"、"19世纪知识分子的爱国主义思想"、"列宁的爱国主义思想"进行追溯与分析,探寻爱国主义的民族文化基因,寻找爱国主义教育何以在当下承担国家重任的民族根源;另一方面,在当代俄罗斯德育体系框架下,阐释了其重要组成部分——当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育、精神道德教育、公民教育的基本内涵及内在关系。第二章主要研究当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育的强势回归。以历史为主线,结合俄罗斯不同历史阶段爱国主义的基本内涵,重点研究基辅罗斯时期、沙皇时期、苏联时期的俄罗斯爱国主义教育的核心内容与本质诉求。以现实为基础,从政治、经济、文化、教育层面剖析爱国主义教育复归的社会背景,客观分析国家主义、自由主义、民族主义等影响爱国主义教育回归的社会思潮,寻找爱国主义教育何以在当下承担国家重任的现实根源,探寻当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育模式构建的社会成因。以政策为参照,通过系统分析俄罗斯四部爱国主义教育国家纲要的目标任务、现实合力和配套资源等具体问题,透视国家层面对爱国主义教育提供的政策支持,从本质上把握当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育的未来发展趋势。第三章主要研究当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育的思想基础、理论借鉴及现实主体。当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育复归有其深厚的历史文化根源,那么,从现实俄罗斯社会审视爱国主义教育,其强大的精神力量或思想基础在何处?我们认为,普京提出的"俄罗斯新思想"恰是为当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育提供了重要的思想基础。本部分重点辨析"俄罗斯新思想"与当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育的内在关系,在此基础上探讨当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育的理论借鉴,其中包括"个体中心取向教育理论"、"合作教育学理论"、"集体主义教育理论"。同时,本部分还从核心教育主体、战略导向主体、地区监督主体、地区执行主体、社会教育主体、宗教文化主体、校园文化主体层面,阐释了作为"全社会工程"爱国主义教育的"纵向联动、横向协作"立体式教育格局。第四章主要研究俄罗斯爱国主义教育的主要内容、课程设置及实践模式。本部分重点阐释了爱国主义教育主要内容,具体包括"基本民族价值观念教育"、"国家历史与宗教文化教育"、"军事强国意识教育"和"民族宽容意识教育"。在此基础上,系统分析了俄罗斯大中小学以人文社会科学类显性课程为主的课程爱国主义教育模式,分别对小学阶段"周围世界"、初高中阶段"社会知识"、大学阶段"人文、社会和经济类课程"的授课目标、内容、形式等问题进行了研究。立足爱国主义教育的实践属性,总结了当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育的三类重要实践教育模式,即"国家历史文化"认知模式"、"军事强国意识"激发模式和"公民爱国行动"践行模式。第五章重点围绕当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育开展理性思考。从问题反思角度,客观分析当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育的主要经验,同时对俄罗斯爱国主义自身具有的狭隘性,俄罗斯爱国主义教育理论研究迟滞和发展不均衡等存在问题进行了反思。在此基础上,以当代俄罗斯爱国主义教育为参照,立足我国社会,提出牢固树立爱国主义教育永恒性,牢固树立爱党、爱国与爱社会主义有机统一,牢固树立爱国主义教育促建中华民族共有精神家园的基本认识,以及努力探索爱国主义教育在当代中国社会时代进路,加强爱国主义教育制度建设和社会合力构建的理性回应。
[Abstract]:The Russian Revolution, philosopher, critic Ni Chernyshevskiy said: "a person's historical significance is determined by its contribution to the motherland to measure, and good nature is determined by whether has the deep patriotism to measure". As an important part of Russia's traditional culture, contemporary Russian patriotism is mainly embodied in "a the social emotion", "rules" of a behavior, "a great feeling" and "a value oriented", this is the "third Rome", "inheritance and development of the motherland" thought, but also refracted from the Russian intellectuals and revolutionary teachers Lenin et al on the essence of patriotism ideology in Contemporary Russian society, patriotism was given a sacred mission of the country, become Russia at the national level of governance to carry out legal value integration, maintenance of Russian Road to democracy, leading the development of social stability The important ideological weapon. As Putin said, "we can't find a Soviet selected something like that. I think we don't need to look for the distant past this kind of thing, if there is a good practice to replace the past things, that is all Russian patriotism. Patriotism is rational consciousness of patriotism, and patriotism education is a necessary way to promote the individual to master and obtain such rational consciousness. As Russian education course, patriotism education with its unique value and function of education occupy an important space, is part of the field of Russian Education in different periods can not shake. Especially during the Soviet era patriotism education is highly service to the construction of the national ideology, nourish the Soviet people's social life, and the transmission of ideas influenced generations of the Soviet people's spiritual world. When today, Although the state system has changed, the social structure has changed, but the patriotism education has strong power of thought and spirit still glow with strong vitality and sense of the times. In Russia today, the values of patriotism education is the pursuit of accommodating social diversity values, the greatest common divisor of various political ideas and multi culture. In the new historical stage, Russia chooses patriotism education to overall revival of Russian modern moral education system, and with a strong return of patriotic education as an important breakthrough in national development and national rejuvenation, with Russia's reconstruction of "social unity of values and ideology" path, is the pursuit of Russia "history with pulse", "strategic national inheritance" and "cultural compatibility" fusion development. China and Russia have played in history Like the education background, although in the "special period" experienced academic stagnation, but as professor Zhu Xiaoman once said: "if the multiple views of cultural identity and uphold the scientific and objective manner, we cannot and should not be forgotten in Russia. At present, China and Russia all the two countries in the period of social transformation, there are many similar where young people's education, exploration and construction of Russia in recent years in the field of patriotism education, ideas and methods which is able to, and the development of China's modernization of education, dialogue and exchange of Ideological and political education theory construction and practice development as well as our youth patriotism education. Based on the above understanding in this study, adhering to the basic position of the Marx doctrine, viewpoints and methods, adhere to the basic principles of the combination of theory and practice, from the perspective of the ideological and political education in Contemporary Russia The patriotic education is more objective and systematic analysis and research, tries to solve the basic problems of two aspects in the theoretical level, historical and cultural roots of Russian patriotism, "Russian new thought" and the inherent relationship of Contemporary Russian patriotism education, in-depth analysis of the contemporary value of Russian patriotism and patriotism education the basic theory, to solve the problem of the research; in practice, panoramic, integrated presentation of Contemporary Russian patriotism education, the objective analysis of the experience and practical limitations, and on the basis of the positive response to the reality in China should be given in a concise patriotism education field. The text consists of five chapters. The first chapter study on the contemporary interpretation of the patriotism education in Russia, the basic theory to solve the problem of the research focus. On the one hand, focus on the interpretation of Contemporary Russian patriotism The basic connotation of humanism, and the patriotism thought as Russia's "third Rome thought", "motherland son thought", "nineteenth Century intellectual patriotism", "Lenin's patriotism" traceability and analysis, explore the national culture of patriotism, national patriotism education in search of roots now assume responsibility of the country; on the other hand, in the contemporary Russian moral education system framework, explains the important part of patriotic education in Contemporary Russia, the spirit of moral education, civic education and the basic connotation of internal relations. A strong return to the second chapter mainly studies the Contemporary Patriotism Education in Russia. In the history of the main line, combined with the basic connotation of Russian patriotism in different historical stages, focusing on the Kiev Ross period, the Russian tsar, Ross patriotic education of Soviet nuclear The core content and essence demands. Based on reality, from the political, economic, cultural, educational level analysis of patriotism education return social background, objective analysis of nationalism, liberalism, social ideological trend of patriotism education return to nationalism, patriotism education to find the root of the reality in the present under the state's responsibility, explore the social causes of construction of Contemporary Russian patriotism education mode. The policy for reference, the target system analysis of Russia's four Department of patriotic education national guidelines, realistic force and supporting resources of specific issues such as the perspective of national level of patriotic education to provide policy support, grasp the future development trend of Contemporary Russian patriotism education from the essence on the basis of thought. The third chapter mainly studies the Contemporary Patriotism Education in Russia, referring to the theory and realistic subject of contemporary Russia. Ross return to the patriotic education has its deep historical and cultural roots, then examine the patriotism education from the reality of Russian society, its powerful spiritual force or the basis of thought where? We think that Putin's "Russian new thought is provided an important ideological foundation for the contemporary Russian patriotism education in this part. The emphasis on" Russian new thought "and the inherent relationship between contemporary Russian patriotism education, on the basis of reference to the contemporary Russian patriotism education theory, including the" individual oriented education theory "," cooperative education theory "," collectivism education theory ". At the same time, this part also from the core subject of Education. The main subject areas of strategic orientation, supervision, implementation of the main area, the social education subject, religious culture, campus culture subject, explains the" social engineering "patriotic The longitudinal linkage of education ", cooperation" three-dimensional education pattern. The fourth chapter mainly studies the main contents of the patriotism education in Russia, curriculum and practice mode. This part mainly explains the main content of patriotism education, including the value of "national basic education", "national history and culture and education", "military power consciousness education" and "national consciousness of tolerance education. Based on the analysis of the curriculum system of patriotism education pattern of Russia to middle and Primary School of Humanities and social sciences curriculum based on primary school stage, respectively" around the world "," knowledge society "at the beginning of the high school stage, the university stage" humanities, social and economic class the curriculum teaching goal, content, form and so on. Based on the properties of the practice of patriotism education, summarizes three kinds of important practice of Contemporary Russian patriotism education Education mode, namely "national history and culture" cognitive model "," military power "excitation mode and" citizen consciousness "patriotic action mode of practice. Fifth rational thinking on Contemporary Russian patriotism education around the chapter. From the perspective of objective analysis of the main problems, experience of Contemporary Russian patriotism education, and narrow to Russia patriotism has the Russian patriotism education theoretical research lag and the unbalanced development of the problems has been reviewed. On this basis, to the contemporary Russian patriotism education for reference, based on China's society, put forward to firmly establish the eternal patriotism education, firmly establish the love party, patriotic love and unity of socialism, firmly establish a basic understanding of patriotism education to promote the construction of common spiritual home of the Chinese nation, and strive to explore the patriotic education in contemporary society China Go in, strengthen the rational response to the construction of patriotism education system and social joint force.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G41

【引证文献】