论建国初期的中小学历史教育改造（1949-1956）

发布时间：2018-07-21 18:26

【摘要】：1949年新中国成立后,我国中小学历史教育发生了翻天覆地的变化。从1949年至1956年的短暂时期内,中小学历史教育一方面通过继承、汲取老解放区及苏联教育的经验,另一方面结合新中国建立后的政治、社会形势改造历史教育内容,使得中小学历史教育面貌发生根本性改变。可以说,新中国成立初期,国家对中小学历史教育的改造是新政权的必然举措,为中小学历史教育的新发展奠定了基础。本文主要采用文献分析法与比较研究法,结合时代背景,分析1949—1956年这一时期内国家对中小学历史教科书、中小学历史教学大纲以及历史教师队伍的改造,在厘清相关史实的基础上进而分析国家对中小学历史教育改造所产生的重要影响。历史教科书是开展历史教育的重要资源。新中国成立后,中小学历史教育历经了选编、改编旧中国与老解放区教科书的过渡阶段,继而踏上成立人民教育出版社自编中小学历史教科书的全新历程。历史教科书的编写在历史唯物主义的指导下展开,呼应了新中国普及马克思主义的意识形态要求,在培养青少年对新国家的认同方面发挥了重要作用。历史教学大纲是开展历史教育的重要指导文件,也是历史教科书编纂的原则与标准。1956年教育部正式颁布新中国第一套中小学历史教学大纲,使得我国中小学历史教育的开展有了教学大纲的指导,从而走上规范化道路。这套历史教学大纲是新中国马克思主义史学指导地位确立的产物,折射出新中国史学发展新动态。同时,该套历史教学大纲诞生于新中国“以俄为师”的历史背景下,不可避免地也打上了苏联教育的烙印。此外,在内容编制上,历史教学大纲凸显鲜明的政治色彩,顺应了新中国政治、经济建设的新形势。新中国成立初期,为建立起一支全新的人民教师队伍,一方面,国家通过对教师进行思想改造,建立起一支符合新政权要求的教师队伍投身于新中国的教育事业；另一方面,通过从教学理念到教学方法,以及教学制度的改革,使得唯物史观及社会主义、共产主义教育在建国初期的中小学历史课堂中占据主导地位。建国初期国家对中小学历史教育的改造不仅大大促进了历史教育自身的发展,而且更为重要的是,通过历史教育,使得历史唯物主义在青少年学生中乃至社会广泛传播。同时,新中国成立初期的中小学历史教育在培养学生的新政权认同以及社会主义、共产主义信仰等方面发挥了巨大作用。
[Abstract]:After the founding of New China in 1949, the history education of primary and secondary schools in our country has undergone earth-shaking changes. During the short period from 1949 to 1956, history education in primary and secondary schools, on the one hand, through inheritance, drawing lessons from the education of the old liberated areas and the Soviet Union, on the other hand, combined with the political and social situation after the founding of New China, transformed the contents of historical education. So that the history of primary and secondary education outlook has been fundamentally changed. It can be said that in the early days of the founding of New China, the reform of history education in primary and secondary schools was an inevitable move of the new regime, which laid the foundation for the new development of history education in primary and secondary schools. This article mainly uses the literature analysis method and the comparative research method, unifies the time background, analyzes the state to the primary and middle school history textbook, the primary and middle school history teaching outline and the history teacher troop transformation in the period 1949-1956. On the basis of clarifying the relevant historical facts, this paper analyzes the important influence of the state on the reform of history education in primary and secondary schools. History textbooks are important resources for developing history education. After the founding of New China, the history education of primary and middle schools has gone through the transitional stage of selecting and editing the textbooks between the old China and the old liberated areas, and then embarked on the new course of establishing the people's Education Publishing House to compile the history textbooks for primary and secondary schools. Under the guidance of historical materialism, the compilation of history textbooks has echoed the ideological requirements of popularizing Marxism in New China, and has played an important role in cultivating teenagers' identity to the new country. History syllabus is an important guiding document for developing history education, and it is also the principle and standard for compiling history textbooks. In 1956, the Ministry of Education formally promulgated the first set of history teaching syllabus for primary and secondary schools in New China. The development of history education in primary and secondary schools in our country has been guided by the syllabus, and thus on the road of standardization. This set of history teaching syllabus is the result of the establishment of the guiding position of Marxism historiography in New China and reflects the new trend of the development of historiography in New China. At the same time, this set of history syllabus was born in the historical background of "taking Russia as a teacher" in New China, and was inevitably branded as Soviet education. In addition, in the content compilation, the history teaching outline highlights the bright political color, has complied with the new situation of the new China politics, the economic construction. In the early days of the founding of New China, in order to establish a completely new contingent of people's teachers, on the one hand, through ideological transformation of teachers, the state set up a contingent of teachers who met the requirements of the new regime and devoted themselves to the cause of education in New China; on the other hand, Through the reform of teaching concept, teaching method and teaching system, the historical materialism and socialism, communist education occupies the leading position in the history classroom of primary and secondary schools in the early days of founding the nation. In the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, the reform of history education in primary and secondary schools not only greatly promoted the development of history education itself, but also, more importantly, made historical materialism widely spread among teenagers and even society through historical education. At the same time, the history education in primary and secondary schools in the early days of the founding of New China played a great role in cultivating students' new political identity, socialist and communist beliefs.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G633.51

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