公平导向的学校分配空间优化——以北京石景山区为例

发布时间：2018-04-09 20:23

本文选题：教育公平　切入点：多校划片　出处：《地理学报》2017年08期

【摘要】：空间优化正从地理学的一个研究方向成为学科分支,但公平导向的公共服务空间分配优化研究还较薄弱。学区配置是这方面的一个典型问题,受到社会的广泛关注。针对"多校划片"的随机入学方式,以各居住小区所获得的教育质量期望值的方差来定义入学指标空间分配的公平程度,构建了以该方差最小化为目标、包含最大上学距离约束的二次规划模型,探求各小区对所获得指标进行随机抽签的情景下,各校入学指标在各小区的公平最大化分配,并以北京市石景山区为案例进行了应用研究。结果表明,在维持学校布局和师资配置现状的前提下,与"就近入学"相比,公平最大化的"多校划片"能以有限的上学距离代价,显著降低教育分配的空间差异。在最大上学距离为5 km的约束下,各小区教育质量期望值的方差降幅高达99%,教育质量期望值有所提升的小区或学生比例高达约2/3;付出的上学距离代价较显著但可接受,平均上学距离增加到3.99倍,达到3.20 km,仍低于案例区实际平均上学距离。当模型的最大上学距离参数从5 km逐步增至8 km时,教育公平的改善呈指数增长,平均上学距离呈算数增长;当距离为7 km时,各小区教育质量期望值的方差趋近于0,可基本实现上学机会的空间均等化。本文进一步讨论了优化结果对入学政策的启示。
[Abstract]:Spatial optimization is becoming a branch of discipline from a research direction of geography, but the research of equitably oriented spatial allocation of public services is still weak.The allocation of school district is a typical problem in this area, which has received wide attention from the society.In view of the random entrance method of "multi-school drawing" and the variance of the expected value of educational quality obtained in each residential area, the fair degree of space allocation of entrance index is defined, and the goal of minimizing the variance is constructed.The quadratic programming model, which includes the maximum distance constraint, is used to find out the fairness and maximization of the allocation of each school entrance index in each district under the situation of random drawing of the obtained indicators.And taking Shijingshan District of Beijing as an example, the application research is carried out.The results show that, on the premise of maintaining the present situation of school layout and teacher allocation, compared with the "nearest entrance", the "multi-school slice" with fair maximization can significantly reduce the spatial difference of education allocation at the cost of limited distance to school.Under the constraint of the maximum distance of 5 km, the variance of the expected value of education quality in each district decreased as high as 99%, and the proportion of students or community with higher expectation value of education quality reached about 2 / 3, and the cost of distance from school was significant but acceptable.The average school distance increased to 3.99 times and reached 3.20 km, which is still lower than the actual average school distance in the case area.When the maximum distance parameter of the model increases from 5 km to 8 km, the improvement of educational equity increases exponentially and the average distance from school to school increases exponentially, and when the distance is 7 km,The variance of the expected value of educational quality in each district approaches zero, which can basically realize the spatial equalization of school opportunities.This paper further discusses the implications of the optimization results for the entrance policy.
【作者单位】：北京师范大学地理科学学部地理学院;
【基金】：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2015KJJCB30)~~
【分类号】：G521

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