移情、母亲教养方式与幼儿亲社会行为的关系

发布时间：2018-08-22 12:33

【摘要】：亲社会行为——倾向对他人有利的自愿行为,对于个体以及群体之间相互作用的质量是非常重要的。人们或许由于自我中心的、他人取向的或实际关心等多种因素(Boxer,Tisak,Goldstein,2004;Eisenberg,1986)而做出亲社会行为。由于受到20世纪90年代末积极心理学浪潮的影响,人们日益关注人类发展的积极方面,各国发展心理学家从不同的角度对亲社会行为进行了深入的探讨。对这一问题的研究不仅能够揭示个体亲社会行为发展的一般特征,而且能够更深入的了解影响亲社会行为的各种因素以及各因素之间的相互作用,从而为幼儿亲社会行为的培养提供理论基础。在个体行为的形成与发展中,情绪发挥着重要的作用,尤其是移情情绪。而关于移情与亲社会行为的关系研究揭示了移情这一因素在亲社会行为中的复杂作用,因此本次研究将再次聚焦移情这一因素对亲社会行为的影响。在研究对象的选择上,以往研究多集中于幼儿,探讨幼儿移情在亲社会行为中的作用,很少关注父母特质、情感反应,尤其是母亲移情水平与幼儿亲社会行为之间的关系,而研究表明了母亲的情感尤其是积极情感对于儿童亲社会行为的早期表现具有重要的作用,因此本次研究将从幼儿、母亲这两个对象出发,分析母亲移情、幼儿移情与亲社会行为的关系。另外,家庭作为幼儿出生的第一个生活场所,其对幼儿社会化的影响是被一致认同的,而其中父母教养方式对幼儿亲社会行为的影响最为关键。而母亲相比较父亲而言,在儿童早期行为发展中起着更为关键的作用,因此,在本研究中将从母亲教养方式这一因素出发,分析其与幼儿亲社会行为的关系。亲社会行为的影响机制是及其复杂的,以往的研究主要是探讨某两个因素与亲社会行为的关系,而在本研究中将从母亲、幼儿这一对象出发,探讨幼儿亲社会行为发展的一般特征,并在此基础上分析母亲移情、母亲教养方式、幼儿移情与幼儿亲社会行为之间的关系。本研究将采用分层整群抽样法,从安徽,江苏,北京多所幼儿园抽取173名幼儿作为被试,采用长处与困难问卷(SDQ)考察幼儿亲社会行为,采用人际反应指针量表(IRI-C)、教养方式评价量表(EMBU)测量母亲移情水平和教养方式,采用四类心理理论任务考察幼儿移情水平。研究结论表明:第一,幼儿亲社会行为存在年龄差异,不存在性别差异,幼儿亲社会行为随着年龄的增长而增加;第二,幼儿移情存在年龄差异,移情水平随着年龄的增长而提高;幼儿移情与亲社会行为呈显著正相关,并显著正向预测幼儿亲社会行为的发展;第三,母亲观点采择与亲社会行为呈显著正相关,且显著正向预测幼儿亲社会行为,幼儿移情在母亲观点采择与亲社会行为中不起中介作用;第四,母亲情感温暖/理解显著正向预测幼儿亲社会行为,幼儿移情在母亲情感温暖/理解与亲社会行为中起完全中介作用,
[Abstract]:Pro-social behavior-voluntary behavior that tends to benefit others is important for the quality of interactions between individuals and groups. People may have prosocial behavior due to a variety of factors, such as egocentric, other-oriented, or actual care (Boxer Tisakin2004 / Eisenberg1986). Due to the influence of positive psychology at the end of 1990s, people pay more and more attention to the positive aspects of human development. The study of this problem can not only reveal the general characteristics of the development of individual pro-social behavior, but also better understand the various factors affecting pro-social behavior and their interaction. So as to provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation of children's pro-social behavior. Emotion plays an important role in the formation and development of individual behavior, especially empathy. The research on the relationship between empathy and pro-social behavior reveals the complex role of empathy in pro-social behavior, so this study will focus again on the influence of empathy on pro-social behavior. In the selection of subjects, the previous studies focused on young children, explored the role of empathy in pro-social behavior, and paid little attention to the relationship between parental traits, emotional responses, especially the level of maternal empathy and pro-social behavior. The study shows that the mother's emotion, especially the positive emotion, plays an important role in the early performance of children's pro-social behavior, so this study will analyze the mother's empathy from the two subjects of infant and mother. The relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior. In addition, as the first place of children's life, the influence of family on children's socialization is unanimously recognized, and the influence of parental rearing style on children's pro-social behavior is the most important. Compared with fathers, mothers play a more important role in the development of children's early behavior. Therefore, the relationship between mothers' rearing style and children's pro-social behavior will be analyzed in this study. The influence mechanism of prosocial behavior is extremely complex. Previous studies have mainly explored the relationship between two factors and prosocial behavior. This paper discusses the general characteristics of children's pro-social behavior development, and on this basis, analyzes the relationship between mother's empathy, mother's rearing style, children's empathy and children's pro-social behavior. Using stratified cluster sampling method, 173 children were selected from many kindergartens in Anhui, Jiangsu and Beijing as subjects, and the prosocial behavior of children was investigated by using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). Interpersonal reaction pointer scale (IRI-C) and rearing style evaluation scale (EMBU) were used to measure the empathic level and rearing style of mothers. Four kinds of psychological tasks were used to investigate the empathy level of young children. The results show that: first, there are age differences in children's pro-social behavior, there is no gender difference, and children's pro-social behavior increases with the increase of age; second, there are age differences in children's empathy. The level of empathy increased with the increase of age, the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior was significantly positive, and the development of prosocial behavior was positively predicted. Third, the maternal viewpoint selection was significantly positively correlated with pro-social behavior. And significant positive prediction of children's pro-social behavior, children empathy in the mother's viewpoint of choice and pro-social behavior play an intermediary role; fourth, the mother's emotional warmth / understanding significantly positive prediction of children's pro-social behavior, Empathy plays a completely mediating role in mother's emotional warmth / understanding and prosocial behavior.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B844.12

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