明清时期汉江流域书院研究

发布时间：2018-10-07 19:06

【摘要】：书院作为中国古代的一种常见教育机构,是私人或官府设立的聚徒讲授、研究学问的场所,尤其在明清时期成为社会教育不可或缺的重要组织形式。本文通过对明清时期汉江流域书院的具体考证及考察其发展特点,对汉江流域书院与地方社会之间的良性互动进行探究,拟总结明清时期汉江流域书院的发展历程及其所产生的重要社会作用。笔者先对宋元时期汉江流域书院的发展状况进行统计,并做一定的对比分析,旨在理清明清时期汉江流域书院发展的潜在基础。明代是汉江流域书院发展的高峰,通过对汉江流域书院数目的统计以及书院时空分布的分析,可以发现明代汉江流域书院发展具有时间上呈现阶段性发展和区域上呈现不均衡发展的特性。时间上的阶段发展主要是受到明代文教政策、王湛之学推动的影响。而省会、府城的政治作用,社会经济、地方交通状况,特殊的社会环境等因素是造成书院地域不均衡发展的重要原因。清代汉江流域的书院建设比明代更为繁盛,也存在着阶段性发展与地域不均衡发展的特色。清廷书院政策的前后变化与国势的强弱转换是造成清代汉江流域书院阶段性发展的主因,而各地社会经济状况的不同是书院地域发展不平衡的关键因素。明清时期,汉江流域书院的官学化趋势不断深化。官办书院无论在数目上还是规模上,都占据首要地位。各级官员也通过创办书院、捐置财物、参与管理等诸多形式与书院发生千丝万缕的联系,主导着书院的官学化。书院建筑是书院进行教学、生活和管理的重要物质形式,其选址十分审慎,综合各种因素考虑；空间布局严谨,既庄严又不失活泼。而且汉江流域书院建筑形式蕴涵着深刻内涵,不仅体现“天人合一”“礼乐相成”,也深具追求高尚品质的精神。内部管理是书院日常运行中的重要一环。汉江流域书院经过明清时期几百年的不断发展,其管理机制逐渐完善,形成了一套成熟的管理体系。主要有山长负责制的单核管理模式,山长斋长相结合的双核管理模式以及以董事会为主导的联合管理模式。明清时期汉江流域书院经费来源广泛,经费使用途径多样,也形成了以斋长为主要管理人员的管理机制。明清时期汉江流域书院在生徒选拔标准、生徒来源、生徒数额等颇具特色,其教学形式以考课为主,而教学内容又各具地方特征。书院与地方文教的互动关系研究至关重要,以二者之间的关系展开研究,更能体现书院在地方社会文化教育上的重要影响,书院与进士数的相关系分析即为明证。同时,书院成为社会教化的主要场所,书院的讲学、祭祀等活动对于传播儒家文化和扩大文化普及范围,对于促进区域文化的发展起到不可替代的重要作用。这些形式也对推行社会主义核心价值观有着借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:As a common educational institution in ancient China, academies were set up by private or government officials to teach and study knowledge, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which became an indispensable organizational form of social education. This paper explores the positive interaction between the academies in the Han River Basin and the local society through the specific textual research and investigation of the development characteristics of the academies in the Han River Basin during the Ming and Qing dynasties. This paper summarizes the development course and important social function of Han River Basin Academy in Ming and Qing dynasties. The author first makes statistics on the development of academies in the Han River Basin in Song and Yuan dynasties and makes some comparative analysis in order to clarify the potential basis of the development of academies in the Han River Basin in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Ming Dynasty was the peak of the development of academies in the Hanjiang River Basin. Through the statistics of the number of academies in the Hanjiang River Basin and the analysis of the space-time distribution of the academies, It can be found that the development of academies in the Han River Basin in Ming Dynasty has the characteristics of stage development in time and uneven development in region. The stage of development in time was mainly influenced by the cultural and educational policy of Ming Dynasty and the promotion of Wang Zhan's study. The political function, social economy, local transportation condition and special social environment of provincial capital and Fucheng are the important reasons for the unbalanced development of the academy. The construction of academies in the Han River Valley in Qing Dynasty was more prosperous than that in Ming Dynasty. The changes before and after the Qing Dynasty Academy policy and the change of the strength of the country are the main reasons for the gradual development of the academies in the Han River Basin in the Qing Dynasty, and the differences in the social and economic conditions are the key factors for the unbalanced development of the academies in the region. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the trend of official learning in the Hanjiang River Basin was deepened. State-run academies occupy the primary position in both number and scale. Officials at all levels also through the establishment of academies, donations of property, participation in management and many other forms and colleges have been inextricably linked, leading the Academy of official learning. College architecture is an important material form of teaching, living and management of the academy. Its location is very careful and takes all kinds of factors into consideration. The space layout is strict, solemn and lively. Moreover, the architectural form of academies in the Hanjiang River Basin contains profound connotation, which not only embodies the unity of nature and man, but also embodies the spirit of pursuing noble quality. Internal management is an important part of the college's daily operation. After several hundred years of development in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the management mechanism of the academies in the Hanjiang River Basin was gradually improved, forming a set of mature management system. There are the mono-core management mode of the chief responsibility system, the dual-core management mode combined with the director of Shan Changzhai, and the joint management mode led by the board of directors. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Han River Valley Academy had a wide range of sources of funding and various ways of using it, which also formed a management mechanism with Zhai as the main manager. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the selection standard, the source and the number of students in the Han River Basin Academy were quite distinctive. Its teaching form was mainly the examination course, and the teaching content had its own local characteristics. It is very important to study the interactive relationship between academy and local culture and education. The study on the relationship between them can reflect the important influence of college on local social culture and education. The analysis of the relationship between academy and number of scholars is clear proof. At the same time, the academy has become the main place of social education. The activities such as lectures, sacrifices and other activities play an irreplaceable role in spreading Confucian culture and expanding the scope of cultural popularization, and in promoting the development of regional culture. These forms also have reference significance for carrying out socialist core values.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G649.299

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