美国终身教职及其对我国高校教师人事制度改革的启示

发布时间：2018-04-17 08:20

本文选题：美国 + 终身教职　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：在当今世界,知识和技术发展日新月异,新知识和新技术已经成为全球经济市场最有竞争力的工具,大学教师作为优化知识创造、传播和营运的主力军,其在整个高等教育系统中处在非常重要的地位。高等教育大众化、市场化和专业化改变了政府和大学的关系,引发了大学理念和治理结构的变革。与此同时,高校教师面临的问题也愈发尖锐,其中包括工作环境、薪金待遇以及社会地位等,高等院校教师队伍建设迫在眉睫。这支队伍的建设首要问题就是如何选拔和激励教师,保障教师队伍的质量,建立合理有效的高校人事制度。在众多灵活的人事政策中,美国终身教职制度引起了密切关注。因为终身教职制度密切关系到高校教师的身份地位和切身利益,终身教职制度所保障的职业安全和学术自由是大学教师最为看重的。美国终身教职制度既是一个现实问题,又是高等教育研究中不可忽略的一个重要课题。本研究分为五个部分：引言部分：介绍了提出本研究问题的缘由、理论和现实研究意义、国内外关于美国终身教职制度的研究现状、相关概念界定、研究目的和思路以及方法,为本研究的进行奠定基础。正文第一部分主要从早期圣职时代、雇员时代和专业时代三个时间段介绍了美国终身教职制度的发展历史,重点从保障学术自由和提供职业安全两个方面阐述其存在的价值。第二部分通过对罗彻斯特大学的个案研究,详细论述美国终身教职的晋升程序及其相关内容,总结其发展特点,分析得出终身教职制度面临的困难和问题以及发展趋势,其中重点介绍了终身教职聘后评审制的具体内容。第三部分主要从社会文化制度、政策法规、市场经济和学校内部四个方面分析美国终身教职制度存在的具体环境,挖掘美国终身教职成功发展的深层次原因。最后一部分对我国计划经济体制下高校人事制度的发展和实践改革进行了回顾,总结其发展的基本特征。以北京大学人事改革实践为例,具体介绍了我国高校教师人事制度在社会转型中的发展特征和影响,对我国高校教师人事制度改革发展的内外因素进行分析。最后与美国终身教职制度的发展特点和改革实践进行对比研究,最终得出结论美国终身教职制度作为一项具体的制度安排,与国家政策体制经济环境密切相关的,同时它还和大学类型以及科研任务属性密切相关,同时美国终身教职制度改革是适应高等教育大众化、市场化和多样化的结果。我国在借鉴美国终身教职制度经验时要根据实际情况,予以实施。解决现行高校教师人事制度存在的问题,就必须要坚持政府、市场、学校三者互相配合,只有将这三种力量共同运用好,才能从真正意义上解决我国现行教师聘任制度存在的问题,更好的发展我国的高等教育事业。
[Abstract]:In today's world, with the rapid development of knowledge and technology, new knowledge and new technologies have become the most competitive tools in the global economic market. University teachers are the main force in optimizing the creation, dissemination and operation of knowledge.It plays a very important role in the whole higher education system.The popularization of higher education, marketization and specialization change the relationship between government and university, and bring about the reform of university idea and governance structure.At the same time, college teachers are facing more and more acute problems, including working environment, salary and social status.The most important problem in the construction of this team is how to select and motivate teachers, ensure the quality of teachers, and establish a reasonable and effective personnel system in colleges and universities.Among many flexible personnel policies, the tenure system in the United States has attracted close attention.Because the tenure system is closely related to the status and vital interests of university teachers, the occupational safety and academic freedom guaranteed by the lifelong teaching system are the most valued by university teachers.American lifelong tenure system is not only a realistic problem, but also an important subject in the research of higher education.This study is divided into five parts:Introduction: introduces the reason, theoretical and practical significance of the research, the current situation of the research on the tenure system in the United States, the definition of relevant concepts, the purpose, ideas and methods of the research.To lay a foundation for this study.The first part of the text mainly introduces the development history of the American lifelong tenure system from the early sacrament era, the employee era and the professional age, and expounds its existence value from the aspects of safeguarding academic freedom and providing occupational safety.The second part, through the case study of Rochester University, discusses in detail the promotion process and its related contents of lifelong tenure in the United States, summarizes the characteristics of its development, and analyzes the difficulties and problems faced by the lifelong tenure system, as well as the development trend.Among them has introduced the life-long post after the appraisal system the concrete content emphatically.The third part mainly analyzes the concrete environment of American lifelong tenure system from four aspects: social and cultural system, policies and regulations, market economy and school interior, and excavates the deep-seated reasons for the successful development of American lifelong tenure system.In the last part, the author reviews the development and practical reform of the personnel system in colleges and universities under the planned economy system in China, and summarizes the basic characteristics of its development.Taking the practice of personnel reform in Peking University as an example, this paper introduces the development characteristics and influence of the personnel system of colleges and universities in China in the course of social transformation, and analyzes the internal and external factors of the reform and development of the personnel system in colleges and universities in China.Finally, a comparative study is made with the development characteristics and reform practice of the lifelong tenure system in the United States. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that the lifelong tenure system in the United States, as a specific institutional arrangement, is closely related to the economic environment of the national policy system.At the same time, it is closely related to the types of universities and the attributes of scientific research tasks. At the same time, the reform of the tenure system in the United States is the result of the popularization, marketization and diversification of higher education.In drawing lessons from the experience of American tenure system, our country should carry out it according to the actual situation.To solve the problems existing in the current personnel system of teachers in colleges and universities, we must adhere to the cooperation among the government, the market, and the schools, and only make good use of these three forces together.Only in the real sense can we solve the problems existing in the current teacher appointment system in our country, and better develop the higher education in our country.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：G647.2

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