英格兰古典大学的现代化（约1850-1900年）

发布时间：2018-04-27 06:30

本文选题：英格兰 + 古典大学　；参考：《西南大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：牛津大学和剑桥大学,是英格兰最古老、最著名的大学,它们在世界高等教育史上书写着最华丽的篇章,不可撼动的历史地位与其在19世纪中期的现代化改革息息相关。古典大学视培养学生健全精神,使之成为拥有博爱、虔敬、庄重等理想品格的绅士为教育目标。然而随着时间的推移,社会的进步,大学应有的育人功能正在与时代脱节,古典自由教育的弊病日益显现。学院制使得各学院凭借自己的权限实施教学和管理工作,导致各学院的教学水平、师资质量、学生素质、纪律效率等参差不齐；导师制则难以满足对本科生的专业教育,使得学业水平良莠不齐、教学管理混乱；枯燥单一的学位培养方案,则造成了学习时间的浪费和人才的流失,这种种因素最终制约着整个古典大学的发展。随着英国社会矛盾的不断深化,各阶级从自己的利益出发探索解决社会矛盾的途径。反映在英国高等教育领域上,则是产生了一次教育思想解放运动,这是新兴的功利主义和传统的保守主义就功利教育和古典教育之间展开的一场激辩。这场辩论使得功利主义思想广泛传播,成为英格兰古典大学现代化改革的舆论力量。而那些开设科学教育与职业教育课程的英格兰新兴大学机构和德国大学的蓬勃发展,则对古典大学带来了实实在在的压力。场现代化改革势在必行,但古典大学自身的改革成效甚微,政府的介入则引领大学进入实质性的改革阶段。1850年负责调查牛津大学和剑桥大学的皇家委员会正式成立,1854年牛津大学法案和1856年剑桥大学法案出台,对古典大学中存在的教学、学生入学、教师队伍、大学与学院的管理等问题提出了建设性的意见和要求。然而法案对于古典大学存在的本质问题没有彻底解决,1872年第二个皇家委员会正式成立,1877年牛津大学和剑桥大学法案通过,法案就学院所拥有的财产和收入、财务的有效管理等问题提出解决方案。至此,古典大学的现代化改革得以圆满告终。本文将从三个方面即世俗化改革、泛智化改革和组织管理改革来对古典大学从皇家委员会第一个调查报告的形成到第二个大学法案的出台及改革的后续性影响(1850—1900年)这一历史过程进行研究。说明古典大学在学生入学宗教限制和教师队伍的世俗化改革、考试制度和内容的改革、科学研究领域的加强、大学与学院关系的改革及教授制度的规范等方面所取得的成就。卡文迪什实验室又称英国剑桥大学物理系,它是世界近代科研机构中最为著名和影响最大的基础学科研究与教学的机构,曾培养出二十多位诺贝尔科学奖的获得者。卡文迪什实验室伴随着时代和大学现代化的发展应运而生,其世界物理学前沿阵地的地位与历届实验室领导者的努力息息相关。他们对卡文迪什实验室做出了巨大贡献,也正是在他们的带领下,开展了教学和多项科学研究,培养了一批又一批的英国实验物理人才。也正是因为他们的人格魅力和卓有成效的教学方法,为卡文迪什实验室的教学宗旨和办学传统奠定了基础,使得一代又一代的卡文迪什学子能够在良好的学习氛围下成就自己的辉煌。卡文迪什实验室所开创的系统的电磁理论和实验、气体放电和原子结构、分子生物学、核物理、凝聚态物理、射电天文学、非晶半导体、和有机聚合物半导体等多级重要的科学领域,标志着以自然科学为领域的现代学科体系的逐步建立。以卡文迪什实验室的建立、发展和成就作为个案分析,有助于探讨古典大学改革在现代科研职能方面的完善和由古典自由教育向自然科学教育的成功过渡。英格兰古典大学在各种政治、经济、思想和文化的因素下,对古典教育进行了卓有成效的现代化变革,他们适时而变,从而成为“我们理想的大学”和高深知识的载体和象征。从整个历史发展轨迹来看,牛津和剑桥走的是一条平稳缓慢、保守而不守旧、变革而不冒失的道路。纵观古典大学的现代化过程,每一步超越传统基础上的现代变革,都透露了大学甚至整个英国精神——传统的渐进性变革。虽然改革的步伐是缓慢的,甚至有时是被动的,但这种稳中求变,相对于那些盲目冒进的变革是更加值得肯定的。古典大学所经历的成长和发展表现出它们勇于开拓和坚守信仰的那份真诚,在这个变化发展的过程中,十六七世纪古典大学的衰退以及19世纪的现代化变革,就是它们曲折发展、追求更好的最好例证。也正是古典大学的阶段性衰落催生了近代大学的产生和发展,而近代大学对古典大学的继承和改造,又显现了古典大学的不朽价值。英格兰古典大学的现代化对政府来说,实现了昔日旁观者的身份向主导者的角色蜕变,对大学来说,则一改往日沉寂落寞的学术教育,向着一片生机勃然的科学教育发展。这是一场关于政府、机构、民间群众相互“协作”的适时改革,它彰显了英格兰民族和古典大学保守发展、稳步变革的精神气质。
[Abstract]:The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge are the oldest and most famous universities in England. They write the most magnificent chapters in the history of higher education in the world. The unshaken historical position is closely related to the modernization reform in the middle of the nineteenth Century.
In classical universities, it is considered to cultivate the students' sound spirit and make them a goal of education. However, as time goes on, the social progress, the educational function of the university is disjointing with the times, the disadvantages of the classical liberal education appear. The college system makes the colleges and universities rely on their own rights. The teaching and management work leads to the uneven teaching level, the quality of teachers, the quality of the students and the efficiency of discipline. The tutorial system is difficult to meet the professional education of the undergraduates, and the academic level is different and the teaching management is confused. The boring and single degree training program leads to the waste of learning time and the flow of talents. Loss, this kind of factor eventually restricts the development of the whole classical university. With the continuous deepening of the social contradictions in Britain, each class explores the way to solve social contradictions from its own interests. It is reflected in the field of British higher education, which has created an educational thought liberation movement, this is a new utilitarianism and traditional conservatism. A debate between utilitarian education and classical education. This debate has made utilitarianism spread widely and became a public opinion force for the modernized reform of the classical University of England. The flourishing of the new and German universities in England, which opened the courses of science education and vocational education, to the classical universities. It brings real pressure.
The reform of the field modernization is imperative, but the reform of the classical universities has little effect. The intervention of the government leads the university to enter the substantive reform stage in.1850 and the Royal Committee of the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge. In 1854, the University of Oxford bill and the University of Cambridge act of 1856 were introduced to the classical universities. There are constructive suggestions and requirements for teaching, student enrollment, teachers' ranks, and the management of universities and colleges. However, the bill has not been thoroughly solved for the essential problems of classical universities. In 1872, the second Royal committees were formally established, and in 1877, the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge bill passed the bill on the property owned by the college. At this point, the modernized reform of the classical university has come to a successful end. This article will come from the three aspects of the secularized reform, the pan intellectual reform and the organizational management reform to the formation of the first investigation report from the Royal Commission to the second University bills. This historical process (1850 - 1900) was studied. The achievements of classical universities were made in the aspects of religious restrictions on students' enrollment and the secularization of the teachers' ranks, the reform of the examination system and content, the strengthening of the field of scientific research, the reform of the relations between universities and Colleges and the standardization of the teaching system.
The Cavendish laboratory, also known as the Department of physics of the University of Cambridge, is the most famous and most influential institution of basic research and teaching in modern scientific research institutions in the world. It has trained more than 20 winners of the Nobel prize for science. The Cavendish laboratory, accompanied by the development of the times and the modernization of the University, has emerged as the times require. The position of the frontiers of science is closely related to the efforts of the previous laboratory leaders. They have made great contributions to the Cavendish laboratory, and under their guidance, they have carried out teaching and a number of scientific research and trained a batch of British experimental physics talents. It is also because of their personality and effectiveness. The teaching method laid the foundation for the teaching purpose and school tradition of Cavendish laboratory, so that the generation and generation of Cavendish students can achieve their brilliance in a good learning atmosphere. The system of electromagnetic theory and experiments, gas discharge and atomic structure, molecular biology, and nuclear materials created by Cavendish laboratory. Theory, condensed matter physics, radio astronomy, amorphous semiconductors, and organic polymer semiconductors, symbolized the gradual establishment of a modern discipline system in the field of natural science. The establishment, development and achievement of Cavendish laboratory, as a case analysis, will help to explore the reform of classical universities in modern scientific research. The perfection of ability and the successful transition from classical liberal education to natural science education.
Under the various political, economic, ideological and cultural factors, the classical universities of England have made effective modernized changes to the classical education. They are timely and changed, thus becoming the carrier and symbol of "our ideal university" and the profound knowledge. From the track of historical development, Oxford and Cambridge are taking a smooth and slow pace. In the course of the modernization of the classical university, the modern transformation of the classical university, every step beyond the traditional basis, has revealed the gradual change of the University, even the whole British spirit, the traditional one. Although the pace of reform is slow and sometimes passive, this kind of stability is relative to those of the blind. An aggressive change is more affirmative.
The growth and development of classical universities show the sincerity of their courage to open up and stick to their faith. In the course of this change and development, the decline of the classical universities in seventh Century and the modernization of the nineteenth Century are their tortuous development and the pursuit of better examples. It is also the stage of the decline of classical universities. The emergence and development of modern universities, and the inheritance and transformation of modern universities to classical universities, and the immortal value of classical universities. The modernization of the classical University of England has realized the transformation of the identity of the bystanders from the former to the dominant. It is a timely and vigorous development of science education. This is a timely reform of the "collaboration" between the government, the institutions and the people. It shows the spirit of the conservative development of the England and the classical universities and the steady change.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G649.561

【参考文献】