民国时期国立大学与中央政府的关系

发布时间：2018-05-08 22:42

本文选题：民国 + 国立大学　；参考：《山东大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：回顾近现代高等教育的发展史,政府与大学之间的关系在全球范围内一直是一个热点问题,无论是西方国家还是东方国家,高等教育都是国家事业的一部分,政府作为统治阶级的代表,会或多或少的对大学施加影响,而大学本身也会借助于政府的力量办学,两者必然会发生关系,因此这是一个既无法回避、十分敏感,却又无固定模式地日久而常新的复杂问题。政府与大学之间的关系是当今高等教育体制改革中的核心问题之一,也是高校改革发展的关键因素之一。2010年7月,国家颁布了《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010—2020)》,纲要明确提出：“为适应中国国情和时代要求,建设依法办学、自主管理、民主监督、社会参与的现代学校制度,构建政府、学校、社会之间的新型关系。”要求要进一步“探索建立符合学校特点的管理制度和配套政策,克服行政化倾向,取消实际存在的行政级别和行政化管理模式”。高等学校要“按照国家法律和宏观政策,自主展开教学活动、科学研究、技术开发和社会服务,自主设置和调整学科、专业,自主制定学校规划并组织实施。自主设置教学、科研、行政管理机构,自主确定内部收入分配,自主管理和使用人才,自主管理和使用学校财产和经费”。 19世纪初的洪堡时代,西方就开始系统的研究政府与大学的关系。而在我国关于政府与大学之间的关系的研究起步比较晚,随着改革开放以来社会政治、经济形势的变化,社会积极要求扩大办学自主权,政府与大学之间的关系开始备受人们的广泛关注,并成为社会热议的问题。经过学者们的研究探讨,目前已取得较多的研究成果,但是,民国时期政府与国立大学的关系的研究尚属于比较陌生的课题,无论是史学界还是教育学界的研究者,很少有人进行过系统的梳理和研究,因此,笔者选择民国这个时期,在前辈研究的基础上,对这个时期政府与国立大学的关系进行系统的整理和研究,希望能有所创新。纵观我国大学的发展历史,政府对大学的管理经历了从集权管理到分权管理再到集权管理的变更,也就是大学自治与国家控制博弈的过程：大学努力追求自治,国家努力加强控制,并在二者相互博弈中,最终大学获得一定限度的自治,国家也进一步规范、协调了高等教育,但总体趋势是国家逐步加强了对大学的控制。中国本有大学, 但是中国现代意义上的大学不是中国传统的大学。现代意义上的中国大学崛起于民国时期,但是却表现出了很强的后来居上的特点。从整体上说,中国现代大学从建立到初具规模,其中特别优秀的像北京大学、清华大学、东南大学(后改名为中央大学)、西南联大等,可以说只用了大约十年的时间。那么这种后来居上到底是如何实现的呢?尤其中华民国38年间一直伴随着战争学在战争中遭受着巨大冲击并被迫开始了艰难的自主办学探索,最终的教育成果却是非凡的,它孕育了我国历史上最好的教授群体,培养了以诺贝尔奖者为代表的一批优秀学生,这真是值得我们深思的一个问题。本文将以北京大学、清华大学、东南大学以及抗战时期的西南联大为代表的国立大学为研究对象,主要从民国时期中央教育行政机构、大学校长、大学的管理体制、大学内部治理等方面进行阐述分析,对当时政府与大学关系的历史真实进行总结与分析,为政府与大学的关系找寻一个成功的历史例证,吸取历史教训,汲取民国时期政府与国立大学关系的宝贵经验,在一定程度上丰富政府与大学关系的理论,并为当代政府与大学关系的健康发展提供有益的借鉴。
[Abstract]:Looking back on the history of modern higher education, the relationship between the government and the university has been a hot issue around the world. Both in the West and in the East, higher education is part of the national cause. The government, as the representative of the ruling class, will exert influence on the University, or more or less, and the university itself will borrow. To help the government to run a school, the two will inevitably have a relationship, so this is a complicated and complex problem that can not be avoided, very sensitive but without a fixed pattern. The relationship between the government and the university is one of the core issues in the reform of higher education system and one of the key factors of the reform and development of colleges and universities.2010 years. In July, the state promulgated the plan for reform and development of middle and long term education (2010 - 2020). The outline clearly stated: "to adapt to the conditions of China and the requirements of the times, to build a modern school system of running schools according to law, independent management, democratic supervision and social participation, and building a new relationship between government, schools and society." To establish a management system and supporting policies in accordance with the characteristics of the school, to overcome the tendency of administration and to abolish the actual administrative level and administrative management model. "Colleges and universities should independently develop teaching activities, scientific research, technological development and social services in accordance with national laws and macro policies, and independently set up and adjust disciplines, specialties, and self-discipline. The main formulation of school planning and organization and implementation. Independently set up teaching, scientific research, administrative management institutions, independent determination of internal income distribution, independent management and use of talents, independent management and use of school property and funds.
In the Humboldt age of the early nineteenth Century, the West began to systematically study the relationship between the government and the University. In China, the research on the relationship between the government and the University started relatively late. With the change of social politics and the economic situation since the reform and opening up, the society actively demanded the expansion of the autonomy of school running. The relationship between the government and the university has begun to become more and more popular. It has become a hot issue in the society. After the study of the scholars, many research achievements have been obtained. However, the research on the relationship between the government and the National University in the period of the Republic of China is still a relatively strange subject. No matter in the historiography or the researchers of the educational circles, few people have carried out a systematic review and research. Therefore, the author chose the period of the Republic of China, on the basis of the predecessors' research, and systematically collated and studied the relationship between the government and the National University in this period, hoping to be innovative.
In the history of the development of universities in China, the administration of the government has undergone changes from centralized management to decentralization management and then to centralized management. It is the process of the game between university autonomy and state control: the universities strive for autonomy, the state tries to strengthen control, and in the game of the two, the University obtains a certain degree of autonomy, The state is also further
Norms and coordination of higher education, but the general trend is that the state has gradually strengthened its control over universities.
But universities in modern China are not Chinese traditional universities. In modern times, Chinese universities are rising in the Republic of China.
However, it shows strong characteristics of coming from behind.
Take shape, especially outstanding ones like Peking University, Tsinghua University, Southeast University (later renamed Centre College).
Southwest United University and so on, it can be said that it took only about ten years.
Especially during the 38 years of the Republic of China, war science has been greatly affected by the war and has been forced to start.
The hard exploration of independent education and its ultimate educational achievements are extraordinary. It breeds the best professors in our history.
It is a matter for us to think about a group of excellent students represented by the Nobel prize winners. This article will be represented by Peking University, Tsinghua University, Southeast University, and the southwest United National Congress of the war of resistance during the war of resistance.
The university is the research object, mainly from the central educational administration, the president of the University, and the management system of the University.
University internal governance and other aspects of the analysis and analysis, the historical truth of the relationship between the government and the University was summarized and divided.
To find a successful historical example for the relationship between the government and the University, draw lessons from history, and draw lessons from the period of the Republic of China.
The valuable experience of the relationship between the government and the National University enriches the theory of the relationship between the government and the university to a certain extent, and for the contemporary era.
The healthy development of the relationship between the government and the university can be used for reference.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G649.29

【参考文献】