30年来我国高等教育宏观管理主导话语流变的规律与特点研究

发布时间：2018-08-27 13:37

【摘要】：我国高等教育宏观管理体制自改革至今已有30多年的历史，在改革的进程中虽有问题但也取得不少成果。从话语流变的视角探析宏观体制改革重心的演进同时对我国当前的改革提出一些建设性的意见具有现实意义。以80、90和21世纪为三个节点为纵向脉络，以主导强强势话语、问题话语和对策话语为横向板块对宏观管理体制改革进行梳理。分别总结三种话语流变所呈现的规律和特点，以总结的经验为基础为我国当前宏观体制改革提出合理化的建议。 20世纪80年代是高等教育宏观体制改革的发端时期，形成了“统一领导、分级管理”主导强势话语，进入90年代由于高等教育管理受计划经济体制的束缚日益明显“变条块分割为条块有机结合”成为这一时期的强势话语。到本世纪初由于我国法制化进程的推进，，“依法治教、依法治校”成为高等教育宏观管理体制改革的强势话语。从强势话语的转变可以看出其流变的规律是从控制到服务、从规制到协调、从人治到法治。其较为突出的特点是政府在逐步转变传统单一的管理方式，实现管理手段的多样化。这就要求我国当前的宏观体制改革应该坚持依法治校，依法推进自主办学。高等教育宏观体制改革只有以法律为规范才能使高等教育在良性的轨道上发展。我国有国家办学的传统，国家对高等教育管理过多使高等教育的发展受到严重制约。“一包二统”成为20世纪80年代高等教育宏观管理的主导问题话语。在计划经济体制下我国形成条块管理的高等教育管理体制，在当时对于推动教育发展具有积极意义。随着市场经济改革的深入这种体制不再适应时代需求，“条块分割的弊端明显”成为90年代主导问题话语。受国家政策已经办学体制的影响，我国与西方高等教育国家相比社会中介组织发展不够，“中介组织发展不完善”成为21世纪主导的问题话语。通过分析可以看出问题话语流变的规律是：逐步揭示政府、社会与高等学校的基本关系与具体联系。这就要求我国当前的改革要合理优化政府、地方以及高校之间的关系，发挥合力促进高等教育发展。为改变国家对于高等学校管理过多过细的问题，从中央到高校都采取措施来解决“一包二统”的问题从而从根本上扩大高等学校的权利，这样“扩大高校自主权”成为20世纪80年代主导对策话语。为解决条块分割所产生的问题，国家提出高等教育管理改革的“八字方针”这样“共建、调整、合作、合并”成为90年代的主导对策话语。到本世纪初为促进高等教育中介组织发展，提升高等教育整体质量，“发展中介组织、加强教育评估”，通过分析高等教育宏观管理对策话语的流变的规律是：对策话语与改革进程同步化，突显了高校办学的自主性、主体性和体制改革的渐进性、过程性。这就要求高等教育改革要遵循高等教育发展规律，与政治和经济体制改革相适应。只有遵循规律才能促进教育良性可持续发展，只有适应政治和经济体制改革的步伐才能更好的创造引领时代发展的先进文化。
[Abstract]:It has been more than 30 years since the reform of the macro-management system of higher education in China. Although there are some problems in the process of reform, many achievements have been made. The three nodes are the vertical vein, and the dominant and powerful discourse, the problem discourse and the countermeasure discourse are the horizontal plates to sort out the macro-management system reform.
The 1980s was the beginning of the reform of the macro-system of higher education. The dominant discourse of "unified leadership and hierarchical management" was formed. In the 1990s, because of the constraints of the planned economic system, it became the dominant discourse of this period. With the advancement of our country's legalization process, "running education according to law and running schools according to law" has become a powerful discourse in the reform of the macro-management system of higher education. This requires that China's current macro-system reform should adhere to the rule of law and promote independent running of schools according to law.
China has a tradition of running schools by the state, and the excessive management of higher education has seriously restricted the development of higher education. With the deepening of market economic reform, this system no longer adapts to the needs of the times, and the "obvious drawbacks of fragmentation" has become the dominant issue in the 1990s. It can be seen from the analysis that the law of the evolution of the problem discourse is to gradually reveal the basic relationship and specific links between the government, society and colleges and universities.
In order to change the state's over-fine management of colleges and universities, the central government and universities have taken measures to solve the problem of "one package and two unifications" so as to fundamentally expand the rights of colleges and universities, so that "expanding the autonomy of colleges and universities" has become the dominant policy discourse in the 1980s. In order to promote the development of higher education intermediary organizations and improve the overall quality of higher education, the "Eight-character Policy" of higher education management reform has become the leading countermeasure discourse in the 1990s. The law of language change is: the synchronization of policy discourse and reform process highlights the autonomy, the subjectivity and the gradual and procedural nature of the reform of higher education. Sustained development, only by adapting to the pace of political and economic restructuring can we better create an advanced culture leading the development of the times.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G649.2

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