解决大学生就业困境的政策路径

发布时间：2019-03-04 08:22

【摘要】：大学生是国家的宝贵人力资源,更是一个国家的未来。然而,当就业市场保持平稳发展,而大学不断迅猛扩招,大学毕业生的数量迅速增多,大学生毕业后的安然就业很快演变为“毕业等于失业”的窘迫局面,大学生就业问题已成为我国当今高等教育和社会经济发展中一个越来越突出的社会热点问题。大学生就业难不仅仅关系到大学生个人的生存问题,还关系千家万户的切身利益,更关系到整个社会的发展进步与和谐稳定。因此大学生就业难的问题已经引起了全社会各界的高度重视。本文主要针对我国大学生就业难的现象进行政策方面的研究,试图探讨面对大学生这样一个具有高学历高素质、又有发展潜力的一个特殊群体,政策方面存在的哪些问题,导致了大学生的就业压力。对大学生就业难的成因从政府政策方面进行了全面剖析,研究大学生就业难的问题并接着提出解决问题的关键不仅是一项应该完成的任务,更是我们建设完全市场经济社会的关键所在。本文的概念界定包括就业与大学生就业的概念,详细介绍了就业政策与大学生就业政策,大学生就业政策是我国关于劳动力整体就业政策的一个重要组成部分。大学生就业政策可以分为元政策、具体政策和匹配政策三种,其发展演变是一个历史过程,总是与当时的生产力水平和国家的指导思想保持一致性,这里我们主要概括了我国大学生就业政策的统包统分阶段、双向选择阶段以及以市场为导向的自主择业阶段三个阶段,并且对每个阶段的政策作描述并进行制定政策的依据方面的分析研究,指出在每个阶段出现的优点和不足。对当前大学生就业政策问题分析是我们的主要研究方向,我们认为,大学生就业元政策的阻碍、大学生就业具体政策的偏离和大学生就业匹配政策的缺损,是大学生就业政策的主要问题。具体而言,在元政策方面,主要表现为漠视基本权利、造成政策冲突、缺乏执行指导等问题；在具体政策方面,主要表现为政策结构不合理、政策互动不充分、政策涵盖不全面等问题；在匹配政策方面,主要表现为政策培训不完备、政策推介不到位和政策激励不深入等问题。研究大学生就业难的问题不是中国独有的问题,诸多国家乃至发达国家在大学生就业问题上也存在困境,如何借鉴他们解决问题的政策思路,对我们不无裨益。通过对政策问题成因上进行分析和对国外就业政策的借鉴,我们提出的建议包括调整产业结构政策、实行适度扩招政策、完善创业支持政策、提供劳动保障服务政策等,力求缓解供求矛盾、建立多元化人才培养体制、提升大学生综合素质、创新就业指导教育,提高大学生就业成功率。
[Abstract]:College students are the precious human resources of the country, but also the future of a country. However, with the steady development of the job market and the rapid expansion of university enrollment, the number of college graduates has rapidly increased, and the employment of college students at Enron has quickly evolved into a difficult situation of "graduation equals unemployment". The employment of college students has become an increasingly prominent social hot issue in the development of higher education and social economy. The difficult employment of college students is not only related to the individual survival of college students, but also to the vital interests of thousands of families, but also to the development and progress of the whole society and harmony and stability. Therefore, the difficult employment of college students has aroused great attention from all walks of life. This article mainly aims at our country university student employment difficulty phenomenon carries on the policy aspect research, attempts to probe into the university student such as the university student has the high education, the high quality, but also has the development potential special group, which policy aspect existence question, Led to the employment pressure of college students. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the causes of college students' employment difficulties from the aspects of government policies, studies the problems of college students' employment difficulties, and then puts forward that the key to solving the problems is not only a task that should be completed, It is also the key to the construction of a complete market economy society. This paper defines the concept of employment and college students' employment, and introduces the employment policy and college student employment policy in detail. The employment policy of college students is an important part of the overall employment policy of labor force in our country. The employment policy for college students can be divided into three types: meta-policy, specific policy and matching policy. Its development and evolution is a historical process, which is always consistent with the level of productivity and the guiding ideology of the country at that time. Here, we mainly summarize the three stages of the employment policy of college students in our country, that is, the whole process of employment policy, the two-way choice stage and the market-oriented self-employment stage. And describe the policy of each stage and carry on the analysis of the basis of making the policy, and point out the advantages and disadvantages of each stage. It is our main research direction to analyze the current employment policy of college students. We think that the hindrance of employment meta-policy of college students, the deviation of specific policies of employment of college students and the defect of matching policies of employment of college students. It is the main problem of college students' employment policy. Specifically, in terms of meta-policy, the main manifestations are disregard for basic rights, resulting in policy conflicts, lack of implementation guidance and other issues; In terms of specific policies, the main performance is that the policy structure is unreasonable, the policy interaction is inadequate, and the policy coverage is not comprehensive and so on. In terms of matching policy, policy training is incomplete, policy promotion is not in place and policy incentives are not in-depth. It is not a unique problem in China to study the difficult employment of college students. Many countries and even developed countries also have difficulties in the employment of college students. How to use their policy ideas for reference to solve the problems is of great benefit to us. Through the analysis of the causes of the policy problems and the reference to foreign employment policies, our suggestions include adjusting the industrial structure policy, implementing the appropriate enrollment expansion policy, perfecting the entrepreneurial support policy, and providing labor security service policy, etc. Strive to ease the contradiction between supply and demand, establish a diversified talent training system, improve the comprehensive quality of college students, innovation of employment guidance education, improve the success rate of employment of college students.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G647.38

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