经验运动员动作预期优势的线索加工特征及其机制研究
发布时间：2018-09-06 08:06
【摘要】：动作预期是利用知觉信息的部分资源或者先行的线索条件对动作结果进行预测的行为方式。在复杂环境下,良好的预期能力是与不断变化的物体或者个体进行互动的重要前提。有效的预期可以弥补由于物体或个体的快速变化而造成的延迟,帮助准确的感知判断,并为动作计划提供宝贵时间。从进化角度,基于环境线索地对即将发生的行为结果做出判断是个体生存的重要因素,有效的动作预期可以帮助个体估计对方(人或动物)的意图,进而更好地准备应对行为。而与日常生活的情境相比,高速变化的体育运动领域更是研究动作预期的典型环境,对对手的动作做出正确预期是完成快速应对或防守,或进攻移动的关键因素。动作预期能力的高低也是评价个体在相关领域中专业水平的重要标准。已有研究显示优秀运动员与运动新手在动作预期中采用的方法和效果存在差异,但以往研究更偏向于探讨优势的现象,并未对优势存在的可能原因——如何对线索进行提取和加工进行探索,也未能对专家优势进行量化比较。因此,目前仍不清楚由运动经验形成的动作预期优势是如何通过线索提取与加工实现的。本研究将借助动作预期的典型研究领域——体育运动领域,选择具有高速对抗、且具有明显线索区分的乒乓项目,实现本研究的变量环境设置。同时,选取不同运动经验程度的被试群体,形成高经验组、中经验组和无经验组的梯队组别变量。同时,将通过对发球刺激材料的编辑,实现发球动作中身体线索与飞行线索的分离,系统考察不同运动经验个体在进行动作预期时对不同线索的利用特征。此外,本研究将在此基础上,通过脑电信号的采集,通过时间精度的细致划分,探讨不同经验个体在进行动作预期过程中的大脑神经活动方式,从而探讨运动经验影响动作预期线索提取与加工的大脑加工机制,进一步为动作控制与动作学习的内部模型提供支持。本研究结果显示:实验1——(1)在观察仅有身体线索的发球视频时,高经验组对发球落点的预期正确率高于无经验组和中经验组;(2)当观察视频延长至出现早期飞行线索时,高经验组与中经验组对发球落点的预期不存在显著差异,但同时显著优于无经验组;实验2——(3)当飞行线索与身体线索发生冲突时,经验组(高经验组和中经验组)对动作预期的正确率受影响程度大于无经验组;实验3——(4)经验组(高经验组和中经验组)对身体线索与飞行线索的分辨能力显著优于无经验组,但两者之间不存在显著差异;(5)经验组(高经验组和中经验组)通过完整身体线索做出对球落点预期的能力显著优于无经验组,但两者之间不存在显著差异;实验4——(6)经验组(高经验组与中经验组)在分辨身体线索与飞行线索匹配度时,其大脑激活方式存在显著差异,而无经验组则没有区别;(7)经验组(高经验组与中经验组)在进行动作预期时对身体线索与飞行线索冲突时,大脑激活程度显著大于无经验组,同时,两组在激活时间上存在差异,高经验组发现冲突的时间更早;实验5——(8)预期的有效性对后续认知加工的促进作用是对于正确率的提高,而对于反应时的促进并不明显;(9)中经验组对预期线索的利用表现出相对保守的倾向,表现为保证正确率优先,减缓反应速度的策略。通过以上研究结果,本研究得到以下结论:(1)相对无经验个体,经验运动员的动作预期优势来源于对对手身体线索的有效识别;(2)对比不同经验程度的个体,高水平选手在动作预期中具有更迅速的线索提取能力和更高效的线索加工优势;(3)相比无经验个体,经验运动员能在动作预期中有效觉察出线索的冲突现象,主要通过中央区更大的抑制和顶枕区更大的激活进行调节。
[Abstract]:Motion anticipation is a kind of behavior that uses part of the resources of perceptual information or prior clue conditions to predict the result of action.In complex environment, good anticipation ability is an important prerequisite for interaction with changing objects or individuals.Effective anticipation can compensate for the rapid change of objects or individuals. From an evolutionary point of view, judging the outcome of an imminent action based on environmental cues is an important factor in an individual's survival. Effective anticipation of an action can help an individual to estimate the intentions of the other person (person or animal) and thus better prepare for coping behavior. Compared with the situation of daily life, the high-speed changing sports field is a typical environment for researching the anticipation of movement. The correct anticipation of the opponent's movement is the key factor to complete the rapid response or defense, or offensive movement. Research shows that there are differences in the methods and effects used by elite athletes and novices in action anticipation, but previous studies have been more inclined to explore the phenomenon of superiority, and have not explored the possible reasons for the existence of superiority-how to extract and process clues, nor have they quantitatively compared the advantages of experts. This study will use the typical research field of motion anticipation - sports field to select table tennis events with high speed confrontation and obvious clue distinction to realize the variable environment settings of this study. At the same time, through editing the stimulus materials, we can realize the separation of body clues and flight clues in the service movement, and systematically investigate the characteristics of using different clues by individuals with different sports experience in anticipation of action. On this basis, this study will explore the neural activity patterns of different experiential individuals in the process of anticipation through the collection of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and the delicate division of time precision, so as to explore the brain processing mechanism of motor experience affecting the extraction and processing of anticipation cues, and further for motor control and kinematics. The results of this study show that: (1) in the experiment 1 - (1) the expected accuracy of the service landing point in the high-experienced group was higher than that in the inexperienced group and the middle-experienced group when the observation video was extended to the early flight clues, the high-experienced group and the middle-experienced group predicted the service landing point. Experiments 2 - (3) When the flight cues conflict with the body cues, the experiential group (high experiential group and middle experiential group) is more affected than the inexperienced group on the correct rate of movement anticipation; Experiments 3 - (4) The experiential group (high experiential group and middle experiential group) on the body cues and flight. The ability of clue discrimination was significantly better than that of the inexperienced group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (5) The ability of the experiential group (the high-experiential group and the middle-experiential group) to predict the ball's landing point through the whole body clue was significantly better than that of the inexperienced group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the activation patterns of the brain between the experiential group and the inexperienced group in distinguishing the matching degree between the body clue and the flight clue, but there was no difference between the inexperienced group and the inexperienced group. There were differences between the high-experience group and the high-experience group. Experiments 5 - (8) Expected validity promoted the follow-up cognitive processing to improve the accuracy, but not to promote the reaction time significantly; (9) Experiencing group showed a relatively conservative tendency to use the expected cues, showing that ensuring the accuracy was priority and slowing down. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Compared with the inexperienced individuals, the superiority of the experienced athletes in anticipation of movement comes from the effective identification of the opponent's body clues; (2) Compared with the individuals with different levels of experience, the high-level athletes have more rapid ability to extract clues and higher ability in anticipation of movement. Effective cue processing advantages; (3) Compared with inexperienced individuals, experienced athletes can effectively detect clue conflicts in action expectations, mainly through greater inhibition in the central area and greater activation of the occipital region to adjust.
【学位授予单位】：上海体育学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G804.8
本文编号：2225739
[Abstract]:Motion anticipation is a kind of behavior that uses part of the resources of perceptual information or prior clue conditions to predict the result of action.In complex environment, good anticipation ability is an important prerequisite for interaction with changing objects or individuals.Effective anticipation can compensate for the rapid change of objects or individuals. From an evolutionary point of view, judging the outcome of an imminent action based on environmental cues is an important factor in an individual's survival. Effective anticipation of an action can help an individual to estimate the intentions of the other person (person or animal) and thus better prepare for coping behavior. Compared with the situation of daily life, the high-speed changing sports field is a typical environment for researching the anticipation of movement. The correct anticipation of the opponent's movement is the key factor to complete the rapid response or defense, or offensive movement. Research shows that there are differences in the methods and effects used by elite athletes and novices in action anticipation, but previous studies have been more inclined to explore the phenomenon of superiority, and have not explored the possible reasons for the existence of superiority-how to extract and process clues, nor have they quantitatively compared the advantages of experts. This study will use the typical research field of motion anticipation - sports field to select table tennis events with high speed confrontation and obvious clue distinction to realize the variable environment settings of this study. At the same time, through editing the stimulus materials, we can realize the separation of body clues and flight clues in the service movement, and systematically investigate the characteristics of using different clues by individuals with different sports experience in anticipation of action. On this basis, this study will explore the neural activity patterns of different experiential individuals in the process of anticipation through the collection of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and the delicate division of time precision, so as to explore the brain processing mechanism of motor experience affecting the extraction and processing of anticipation cues, and further for motor control and kinematics. The results of this study show that: (1) in the experiment 1 - (1) the expected accuracy of the service landing point in the high-experienced group was higher than that in the inexperienced group and the middle-experienced group when the observation video was extended to the early flight clues, the high-experienced group and the middle-experienced group predicted the service landing point. Experiments 2 - (3) When the flight cues conflict with the body cues, the experiential group (high experiential group and middle experiential group) is more affected than the inexperienced group on the correct rate of movement anticipation; Experiments 3 - (4) The experiential group (high experiential group and middle experiential group) on the body cues and flight. The ability of clue discrimination was significantly better than that of the inexperienced group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (5) The ability of the experiential group (the high-experiential group and the middle-experiential group) to predict the ball's landing point through the whole body clue was significantly better than that of the inexperienced group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the activation patterns of the brain between the experiential group and the inexperienced group in distinguishing the matching degree between the body clue and the flight clue, but there was no difference between the inexperienced group and the inexperienced group. There were differences between the high-experience group and the high-experience group. Experiments 5 - (8) Expected validity promoted the follow-up cognitive processing to improve the accuracy, but not to promote the reaction time significantly; (9) Experiencing group showed a relatively conservative tendency to use the expected cues, showing that ensuring the accuracy was priority and slowing down. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Compared with the inexperienced individuals, the superiority of the experienced athletes in anticipation of movement comes from the effective identification of the opponent's body clues; (2) Compared with the individuals with different levels of experience, the high-level athletes have more rapid ability to extract clues and higher ability in anticipation of movement. Effective cue processing advantages; (3) Compared with inexperienced individuals, experienced athletes can effectively detect clue conflicts in action expectations, mainly through greater inhibition in the central area and greater activation of the occipital region to adjust.
【学位授予单位】：上海体育学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G804.8
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