高校高水平定向运动员竞技能力结构及训练研究
发布时间：2018-09-18 07:06
【摘要】：定向运动,来自于瑞典,现已风靡全欧洲,是一个家喻户晓的运动活动项目。在我国已有三十多年的发展,随着国家政策的支持,定向运动在全国各地迅速的发展起来,现北京、深圳、广州、长沙等一线城市普及最广。定向运动横向普及范围得到了快速发展,但纵向竞技能力水平仍然较低。竞技能力结构直接影响着比赛结果,因此如何提高定向运动员竞技能力是现在的紧迫任务。本文以高校高水平定向运动员为研究对象,对其竞技能力结构及其训练进行研究,为以后各学校定向运动员选拔及训练提供参考,为推进定向运动竞技水平的进一步发展和提高。本文通过大量查阅文献、专家走访调研及专家座谈,并结合本人多年来从事定向运动比赛、训练的亲身经历的基础上,以十八所高校高水平的主力定向运动员为调查对象,通过对定向运动员竞技能力框架的构建基础上,继而对竞技能力各指标进行分析,探讨我国高水平定向运动员竞技能力现状水平及更有效的训练方法。研究结论如下:1、根据分析得出,高校的高水平定向运动员,其竞技能力重要的程度依次为:体能素质、技能、心理、智能和战术。2、根据相关专家教练的问卷评定,确立定向运动竞技能力构成基本框架,一级指标为:体能、技能、心理、战术及智力此五大要素组成;二级指标为:2项体能素质指标:3000米、5000米;7项技能指标:读图、方向感、跑图节奏、路线选择、距离感、点位攻击、越野跑;3项心理指标:压力承受能力、意志力、集中注意力;2项战术指标:战术意识和战术运用;1项智能指标:智力。3、高水平定向运动员的整体体能程度,处于田径国家二级阶段;不论高校男子定向运动员还是高校女子定向运动员的技能水平都处于三级阶段水平,但各指标的掌握程度各不相同;心理素质水平都较高;高水平定向运动员不论在赛前还是赛中都有很强的战术意识和相应的战术运用,因此想要成为一名优秀的运动员也应注重战术的指导教育;智力水平也较高,但高水平定向运动员男子组的智力稍高于高水平定向运动员女子组的整体水平。4、在定向越野运动中,其体能与技能的所占比例是整体的63%,因此在训练中,应侧重于这两方面的训练。5、在体能训练中从训练地方说,分为校园与户外场地,不论在任何场地都应以耐力与速度训练为主。在技术训练中,应遵循由易至难、由简单至复杂的循序渐进的训练规律,并根据运动员自身欠缺方面,进行针对性训练,加强各技术指标的综合交叉运用。定向运动员应侧重增强集中注意力、意志力、压力承受能力三方面的心理培养。战术训练应加强战术意识的提高和战术运用的模拟训练和实战训练。对于智力的培养及训练方法,可从专业理论知识传授、直观式和启发式、分阶段训练法和理论与实践相结合的训练方法提高定向运动员智力能力。
[Abstract]:Orienteering, from Sweden, is now popular across Europe and is a household sport. With the support of national policy, orienteering has been developing rapidly in China for more than 30 years. Now Beijing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Changsha and other first-tier cities are the most popular. The horizontal popularity of orienteering has developed rapidly, but the level of longitudinal competitive ability is still low. The structure of competitive ability directly affects the result of competition, so how to improve the competitive ability of orienteering athletes is an urgent task. This paper studies the competitive ability structure and training of high level orienteering athletes in colleges and universities, and provides a reference for the selection and training of orienteering athletes in colleges and universities in the future. In order to promote the further development and improvement of the competitive level of orienteering. Based on my personal experience in orienteering competitions and training over the years, this paper, through consulting a large number of documents, experts visiting and investigating and discussing with experts, takes the high level leading orienteering athletes in 18 colleges and universities as the objects of investigation. Based on the construction of the framework of the competitive ability of the orienteering athletes, this paper analyzes the various indexes of the competitive ability, and probes into the present level and more effective training methods of the competitive ability of the high level oriented athletes in our country. The conclusion of the study is as follows: 1. According to the analysis, the important degree of competitive ability of high level oriented athletes in colleges and universities is: physical ability, skill, psychology, intelligence and tactics. Establishing the basic frame of competitive ability of orienteering, the first level index is: physical ability, skill, psychology, tactics and intelligence, the second level index is: 2 physical fitness index: 3 000 meters, 5 000 meters, 7 skill indexes: read picture, sense of direction, Run chart rhythm, route choice, distance feeling, point attack, cross-country running, three psychological indicators: stress tolerance, willpower, Focus on two tactical indicators: tactical awareness and tactical use of one intelligent index: intelligence. 3, the overall physical level of high level oriented athletes, in the track and field national secondary stage; The skill level of male orienteering athletes and female orienteering athletes in colleges and universities is in the third stage, but the mastery degree of each index is different, the level of psychological quality is higher; The high level orienteering athletes have strong tactical consciousness and corresponding tactics application before and during the match, so they should pay attention to the instruction and education of tactics if they want to become an excellent athlete, and their intelligence level is also relatively high. However, the intelligence of the male group of high level orienteering athletes is slightly higher than that of the female group of high level orienteering athletes, and the proportion of physical ability and skill is 63% of the whole in the orienteering cross-country sports, so in the training, We should focus on the training of these two aspects. In physical training, we should divide it into campus and outdoor fields in terms of training places, whether in any field should be based on endurance and speed training. In the technical training, we should follow the training law from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, and carry out targeted training according to the lack of athletes themselves, so as to strengthen the comprehensive cross-application of each technical index. Orienteering athletes should focus on three aspects of psychological training: concentration, willpower and stress bearing ability. The tactics training should strengthen the tactics consciousness enhancement and the tactics application simulation training and the actual combat training. The training and training methods of intelligence can improve the intelligence ability of orienteering athletes from the teaching of professional theoretical knowledge, intuitive and heuristic, phased training and the combination of theory and practice.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G807.4
本文编号：2247156
[Abstract]:Orienteering, from Sweden, is now popular across Europe and is a household sport. With the support of national policy, orienteering has been developing rapidly in China for more than 30 years. Now Beijing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Changsha and other first-tier cities are the most popular. The horizontal popularity of orienteering has developed rapidly, but the level of longitudinal competitive ability is still low. The structure of competitive ability directly affects the result of competition, so how to improve the competitive ability of orienteering athletes is an urgent task. This paper studies the competitive ability structure and training of high level orienteering athletes in colleges and universities, and provides a reference for the selection and training of orienteering athletes in colleges and universities in the future. In order to promote the further development and improvement of the competitive level of orienteering. Based on my personal experience in orienteering competitions and training over the years, this paper, through consulting a large number of documents, experts visiting and investigating and discussing with experts, takes the high level leading orienteering athletes in 18 colleges and universities as the objects of investigation. Based on the construction of the framework of the competitive ability of the orienteering athletes, this paper analyzes the various indexes of the competitive ability, and probes into the present level and more effective training methods of the competitive ability of the high level oriented athletes in our country. The conclusion of the study is as follows: 1. According to the analysis, the important degree of competitive ability of high level oriented athletes in colleges and universities is: physical ability, skill, psychology, intelligence and tactics. Establishing the basic frame of competitive ability of orienteering, the first level index is: physical ability, skill, psychology, tactics and intelligence, the second level index is: 2 physical fitness index: 3 000 meters, 5 000 meters, 7 skill indexes: read picture, sense of direction, Run chart rhythm, route choice, distance feeling, point attack, cross-country running, three psychological indicators: stress tolerance, willpower, Focus on two tactical indicators: tactical awareness and tactical use of one intelligent index: intelligence. 3, the overall physical level of high level oriented athletes, in the track and field national secondary stage; The skill level of male orienteering athletes and female orienteering athletes in colleges and universities is in the third stage, but the mastery degree of each index is different, the level of psychological quality is higher; The high level orienteering athletes have strong tactical consciousness and corresponding tactics application before and during the match, so they should pay attention to the instruction and education of tactics if they want to become an excellent athlete, and their intelligence level is also relatively high. However, the intelligence of the male group of high level orienteering athletes is slightly higher than that of the female group of high level orienteering athletes, and the proportion of physical ability and skill is 63% of the whole in the orienteering cross-country sports, so in the training, We should focus on the training of these two aspects. In physical training, we should divide it into campus and outdoor fields in terms of training places, whether in any field should be based on endurance and speed training. In the technical training, we should follow the training law from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, and carry out targeted training according to the lack of athletes themselves, so as to strengthen the comprehensive cross-application of each technical index. Orienteering athletes should focus on three aspects of psychological training: concentration, willpower and stress bearing ability. The tactics training should strengthen the tactics consciousness enhancement and the tactics application simulation training and the actual combat training. The training and training methods of intelligence can improve the intelligence ability of orienteering athletes from the teaching of professional theoretical knowledge, intuitive and heuristic, phased training and the combination of theory and practice.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G807.4
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